434 
Birds of Celebes; Artaniidae. 
* 167. ARTAMUS MONACHUS Bp. 
White-backed Swallow-sbrike. 
Artamus monachus (1) Bp., Oonsp. 1850, I, 348 (ex Temm., Mus. Lugd.); (2j Sclil., Haiull 
Dierk. 1857, 293; (3) Wall., Bhs 1860, 141; (4) id., P. Z. S. 1862, 340; (3) Pinsch, 
Neu-Giiinea 1865, 171; (0) Gray, HL. 1869, I, 289, Nr. 4272; (VII) Walden, 
Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIII, 67, 113, pi VI, fig. 1; (8) Briigg., Abli. Ver. Bremen 1876, 
V, 69; (9) Sclater, P. Z. S. 1877, 101; (X) Gould, B. Now Guinea IV, pi 21 (1878); 
(11) Sliarj^e, Rowley’s Orn. Misc. Ill, 1878, 189; (12) Rosenb. , Malay. Arcliip. 
1878, 272; (13) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 129; (14) Salvad., Orn. Pap. H, 1881, 172; 
(15) W. Bias., J. f. 0. 1883, 137; (16) Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 553; (17) W. Bias., 
Ztsclir. ges. Orn. 1886, 196; (18) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 10; (19) M. & AVg., 
Abb. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 10; (20) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 15; (21) Hart., 
Nov. Zool 1896, 154; (22) id., ib. 1897, 157. 
a. Artamus spectabilis (1) Briigg., Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1878, (5) I, 349. 
“Maspas utan” (utan = foi’cst), Minaliassa, Meyer 13. 
“Maspas kaoonerang intalnng”, Nat. Coll. 
“Sosolat ise ise” (= also A. leucogader), E. Celebes, Nat. Coll. 
“Manu sagu”, Banggai [— also A. leucogaster), iid. 
Figures and descriptions. Walden VII\ Gould X; Sclilegel 2; AVallace4; Sharpe 78. 
Adult. Entire bead, including throat, cheeks, ear-coverts and nape, drab, darkest 
on the forehead and crown; loral region and upper corner of chin blackish; 
wings and tail blacki.sh grey, the wing-coverts washed with drab; entire bodj' 
above and below pure wliite; (puills and rectrices below smoke-grey; toward’s 
their bases, and under wing-coverts, white (Near Manado, Aug. — Sept. 1892, 
Nat. Coll: C 10881). Bill pale blue; feet lead-colour (Wall 4). 
Sexes. No sexual differences of plumage are known, and do not appear to exist. 
Young. Like the adult, l)ut the remiges and wing-coverts tipped with wliite; a httle white 
at the tip of the tail; the brown feathers of the head and neck with very narrow 
whitish edgings ; the throat greyer, with wliitish tips to the feathers ( Q juv. Tomohon, 
N. Col, 30. V. 94: Sarasin Coll). 
Eggs, etc. Uin’ecorded. 
Measurements (9 specimens). Wing 152 — 164 mm; tail c. 70 — 78; bill from nostril c. 19 — 20; 
tarsus c. 20. 
Distribution. Celebes and the Sula Islands: — Minaliassa (Wallace 3, Meyer 73, etc.); 
Lembeh Id. (Nat, Coll); Banggai Id. (Nat. Coll); Sula Mangoli, or Sula Besi, or 
both (Allen 4)\ Indrulaman, S. Celebes (Everett 21). 
Until very recently, on the mainland of Celebes this Wood-swallow or 
Swallow-shrike had been definitely recorded only from the Minaliassa, w'here 
Wallace, Meyer and the Sarasins met with it in the highlands of the country; 
but in 1895 it was found by Everett on the foot-hills of Mt. Bonthain, and 
there also in 1896 by Doherty at 6000 feet. Its nearest affinities are with 
Artamus insignis Sclat. of the New Britain group, the only other known species 
of Artamus which has a white back, 'i'his bird may be distinguished from the 
Celebes form by its black head, wings and tail (see: Gould, B. New^ Guinea, 
IV, pi. 20). Bonaparte, who can only have seen the bird without taking it out 
