ORDER PASSERES (continued). 
FAMILY LANIIDAE. 
A clear line of demarkation between the Shrikes and the Flycatchers has 
not yet been discovered. The true Shrikes are easily recognised by their strono- 
semi-raptorial bill, armed with a hooked tip and a tooth. The young of these 
wear a barred plumage. On the other hand it is hard to distinguish Fachy- 
cephala from a Flycatcher, such as Siphia, though the bill of the former is 
stronger, the culmen being a trifle higher at the base, and the young do not 
wear a squamose plumage. Dr. Gadow (1883) divides this ill-defined family 
into five subfamilies, of which two, the Laminae, and PacJiycephalinae, occur in 
Celebes. The best mark of distinction between these two groups seems to be 
afforded by the nostril: in the Laminae it is “round and completely ossified”; 
in the Pathycephalinae it is in a coriaceous gi'oove, with an imperfect oper- 
culum”; in the former pure no tints of either red, blue, nor yellow occur; in the 
latter neither red nor blue, but pure yellow is frequent on the under surface. 
Of late years a number of species of the family have been added to the 
Celebes Province. The Pachycephalae , of which there are in the Celebes area 
six species, have most likely been distributed by flight. The genus is found in 
the Indian and Australian regions as far as Central Polynesia, and Papuasia 
possesses one-half of the species, whilst only one, if indeed it is a Pachycephala., 
is found as far as Burmah and Bengal. At the same time the Great Sunda 
Islands and Philippines furnish a large proportion of the less specialized forms 
(see H. sulfuriventer). The twm Lanii of Celebes are migratory species from 
E. Asia. Ihe Collmincla of Gieat Sangi belongs to an Australasian genus w^hich 
appears to have spread its range by flight. 
GENUS PACHYCEPHALA Vig. Horsf. 
Bill stronger than in the Musckapidae , but less strong than in Lanius, 
measured across the anterior end of the nostril about as high as it is broad; 
nostril oval, formed posteriorly of a coriaceous membrane, a few frontal hairs 
or plumes reaching over it; a few long rictal bristles; tail square, shorter than 
the wing; 3'’* — 0*'‘ quills longest; tarsus and toes moderately large, tarsus scutel- 
lated, as long or longer than the middle toe and claw. The sexes in many 
forms dissimilar. Young generally more or less like adult female. The genus is 
pre-eminently Australian, but a few species are knowm from the Oriental Eegion. 
Meyer & Wi gl e sw o rtli. Birds of Celebes (N'ot. 4tii, 1897). 
