458 
Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. 
181. OYRTOSTOMUS FRENATUS (S. Miill.). 
Australasian Yellow-breasted Sun-bird. 
Plate XXVI. 
This species varies geographically, and ornithologists, who wish to avoid 
the burden of a multiplicity of trinomials, may find the employment of some 
such formulae as the following useful for indicating the presence of racial 
differences. 
1. The typical Cyrtostomus frenatus. 
a. Nectarinia frenata (1) S. Miill. Verb. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—44, 173 (New Guinea only); 
(Ilj M. & S. op. cit. Zool. Aves 1846, 61, t. 8, f. 1 cf ad. (New Guinea); (3) Wall. 
P. Z. S. 1862, 335, 342 (except Celebes); (4) Finscb, Neu Guinea 1865, 163 
(exc. Cel.). 
b. Cyrtostomus frenatus (1) Salvador! Orn. Pap. H 1881, 265 (exc. Celebes); (2) id., Agg. Orn. 
Pap. 1890, 111. 
c. Cinnyris frenatus (!) Sbelley, Monogr. Nect. 153, pi. 49 (1877 — exc. Celebes). 
d. Cinnyris jugularis (1) Gadow, Cat. B. 1884 IX, 85 (soutbern race). 
For synonymy cf. Salvador! h 1. 
Figures and descriptions. Sbelley c /; Miiller & Scbl. a IT, Salvad. b 1. 
Diagnosis. Bill longer; size larger; upper surface yelloAver olive-green. “Wing 58; tail 44; 
biU 19 — 21; tarsus 1.5” (Salvad.). 
Distribution. From tbe Sula Islands to New Guinea, tbe New Britain Group and North 
Australia. (For exact localities see Salvador! b 1.) 
2. Cyrtostomus frenatus saleyerensis Hart. 
e. Cinnyris frenata dissentiens (1) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 152 partun, 167. 
f. Cinnyris frenata saleyerensis (1) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1897, 156. 
Diagnosis. Size smaller; upper surface greyish olive; under parts much paler yellow. 
Distribution. Saleyer Island (Everett 1). 
Remark. This form represents the greatest known extreme of differentiation in one di- 
rection, as the typical C. frenatus does in another. Three intermediate races 
have as yet been discriminated by Prof. W. Blasius and Mr. Hartert. 
Tbe first of these may be represented as; 
Cyrtostomus frenatus ^ saleyerensis. 
g. Nectarinia frenata (1) S. Mull. Verb. Natuurk. Comm. 1839 — 44, 173 (Manado tantum); 
(2) Miill. & Scbl. op. cit. Zool. Aves 1846, 61 (Manado tantum); (3) Wall., P. Z. 
S. 1862, 335, 342 (Celebes); (4) Finscb, Neu Guinea 1865, 163 (Cel.); (5) Briigg., 
Abb. Ver. Bremen 1876, Y, 73 (Celebes). 
h. Cyrtostomus frenatus (Cab. & Heine) (1) Ecbb., Hb. spec. Om. Scansoriae 1853, 309 
(Manado); (2) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, YH, 658; (3) id. Om. Pap. II, 
1881, 265 (Celebes tantum); (4) W. Bias., J. f. 0. 1883, 137; (5) Meyer, Isis, 
Dresden 1884, 37. 
i. Cinnyris frenata (1) Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 554. 
j. Arachnechthra frenata (1) Wald., Ibis 1870, 26 (Celebes); (2) id., Tr. Z. S. 1872, YTH, 
71 (Celebes); (3) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 131, pt., 146, 
