580 
Birds of Celebes: Corvidae. 
In “The Malay Archipelago” 1869, I, 430, Mr. Wallace speaks of Charitorms 
as a bird entirely confined to Celebes; the Celebesian Subregion should have 
been said, for Charitornis probably does not occur in Celebes itself, but is an 
important link between Sula and the mainland through Streptocitta. 
FAMILY CORVIDAE. 
The (Jrows may be distinguished from the Starlings by the long bristles 
which sprout forward from the forehead in the former concealing the nostrils, 
and by the much larger first primary, which is about half as long as the wing. 
The only other Celebes birds which might be confused with them are the 
Campophagidae, which differ in having the shafts of the feathers of the rump 
dense and stiffened, the Dicniridae, which have ten rectrices only, and the OrioUdae, 
in which the nostril is exposed. 
GENUS CORVUS L. 
The Crows have a glossy plumage of black, or black and grey, or black 
and white. Nostril round, situated well behind the angle of the gonys, con- 
cealed by bristles. Wing long, the secondaries about Va hs length, the first 
primary about equal to the secondaries. Tail moderate, nearly square. Tarsus 
about equal to middle toe and claw, black. Sexes alike. 
Found almost everywhere, except in South America. 
244. CORVUS ENOA Horsf. 
East-Indian Cbow. 
Crows are omnivorous and, consequently, they are stationary birds in the 
East Indies; yet, having few enemies, they are often excessively abundant, and, 
being endowed with great fiying-powers and very sagacious in looking out for 
themselves, they are less likely to be deterred by geographical barriers than many 
other birds, and an intermixture of birds in neighbouring localities seems to be 
a matter of not unfrequent occiurence. Moreover, individual variation is great. 
The birds seem to vary locally to a great extent, but it is impossible to separate 
most of them specifically. Dr. Sharpe (Cat. B. Ill 1877, 38 — 45) admits 4 species 
with a number of subspecies in the East Indies, viz. Corone macrorhgncha (W agl.), 
C. validissima (Schl.), C. phili^ypina (Bp.) and C. enca (Horsf.). Probably Corone 
philippina is a subspecies of C. enca, which, if so, may be separated into the 
following 5 races; the typical Corvus enca (Java, Celebes, Sula), C.enca validus^) (Bp.) 
1) The name tenuirostris Moore, has of late years been shifted on to the Bornean race. The type was 
said to be from Bombay (Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. 1854, 558), and Jerdon (B. Ind. II, 297; 
Oates, Faun. B. Ind., B. I, 17), rightly or wrongly, makes it a synonym of C. maa-orhynchus (Wagl.), while 
