Birds of Celebes: Corvidae. 
581 
— Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Timor; C. enca pMlippinus (Bp., — Philippines; 
C. enca violaceus (Bp.) — Ceram; C. enca orru (Bp.) - Papuasia and some of the 
Moluccas. It must not he understood, however, that each of these races is a 
homogeneous body; for instance, Celehesian birds are not quite the same as 
Javan ones, nor North Celebesian ones quite the same as those of the South, 
nor the specimens from the islands a couple of hours rowing off the north coast 
of Celebes quite the same as those of the mainland; indeed it may safely be 
assumed that the birds would be found to differ almost everywhere, if any one 
would take the trouble to investigate them very closely. But whether a new 
name be tagged on to each local departure or not, a complete study of the 
Crow-races of the East Indies no doubt would bring to light many facts of 
interest; it must always be borne in mind, however, that a complete study is 
only possible with a complete series of specimens and data from all localities. 
Our material affords no approach to this completeness, so we confine ourselves 
to the Celebesian Subregion. 
Celebesian Races. 
a. Corvus validus var. (1) "Wall., P. Z. S. 1862, 343 (Sula). 
b. Corvus validus (1) Finsch, Ncu-Gruinea 1865, 174 (Celebes, Sula). 
Corvus enca fJ) Schl., Mus. P.-B. Coraces 1867, 29 (OcL, Sula); (2) Wald., Tr. Z. S. YHI, 
1872, 74, 113; (3) Pinsch & Conrad, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wieii 1873, 2, 12 (sep. 
copy); (4) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. VH, 1875, 670; (5) Briigg., Abb. Ver. 
Bremen V, 1876, 75; Lenz, J. f. O. 1877, 376; (6) Wald., P. Z. S. 1877, 548; 
(7) id., ib. 1878, 622; (8) Meyer, Tins 1879, 133, 146; (9) W. Bias., J. f. O. 1883, 
138 158, 162; (lOj id.. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1883, 66; (Jl) id., Ztscbr. ges. 
Ora. 1885, 295; (12) Platen, Gefied. Welt 1887, 205; (13) Hickson, Nat. in 
N. Celebes 1889, 91; (U) Bllttik., Zook Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 
280, 304; (15) M. & Wg., Abb. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 14; (16) iid., ib. 1896, 
Nr ' 2 , p.'lO; (17) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 155. 
c. Corone enca (1) Sbarpe, Cat. B. HI, 1877, 43 (Cel, Sula); f5;^Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 555. 
cl. Corvus advena (1) Rosenb. (nec Sclil), Malay. Arcliip. 1878, 273. at n 11 
“Wokka wokka” or“Woka woka”, Minabassa, Meyer S, Rosenb. dl, Guillem, c 2, JN at.Coll. 
“Krah”, Soutb Celebes, Platen 11. 
“Papaa”, Tonkean, E. Celebes, Nat. Coll 
Descriptions. Scblegel 1, Sbarpe cl. -i 1 11 
Adult. Black, tbe bases of tbe feathers wbitisb, tbe upper surface glossed witb purple-Dlue, 
witb slight bronze reflections, under-parts purplish slaty-black, culmen moc eia e > 
arched, depressed at tbe base -wbicb is bare (not covered by the nasa nis 
nasal bristles reaching half the length of the bill from the forehead. Las coffee- 
brown^ bill and feet black’* — S. CelebeSj Platen ii (c?? Ivema. ei. 1 
Sarasin, Nr. 124). 
Sharpe identified it with enca (Cat. B. Ill, 43) and aftenvardH separated it again P. Z. S. >819 24^; m any 
ca e tJe name should not be used for the Bo^ean race. C. calidus Bp. was ong.na^ly (Oonsp. I. 385) said o 
Tave clefrom Ceram and Hahnahera; Scblegel ,Bijdr. Diork. : Cenre Cunms 13, says ha Bonapar e 
iiave come , , -.i /v z-?- • TToiTYinliPvn Rud he con’ects the habitat of C. validus to 
orobablv confounded it with Corvus vahdissnnus ot HalmaUeui. ana rn 4 . x x- 
Inman;, Borneo and Timor. It is distinguishable from enca hy a somewhat longer laU. These transmutations 
of names will not commend themselves to modern ornithologists. 
