Birds of Celebes: Corvidae. 
583 
Rosenberg describes it as bold beyond description and dangerous to poultry. 
It differs from C. macrorhynchus by its smaller size and broader, flatter culmen; 
this in C. macrorhynchus is high and compressed. 
Corvus fallax Briiggem., Abh. Ver. Bremen \ , 1876, 76. Described after 
an example from Rosenberg in Briiggemann’s paper on birds from Celebes 
and Sangi. No locality is mentioned; Celebes is almost certainly wrong. Sharpe 
makes it a synonym of C. enca ; it appears to us from the description to be 
C. orru. 
Corvus modestus Briiggem. 1. c. p. 77. Described from an example from 
Rosenberg, without mentioning locality. Sharpe (Cat. B. 1877, III, 45) identifles 
it with C. violaceus of Ceram. It may be safely regarded as not belonging to 
Celebes. 
Coiwus annectens Briiggem. 1. c. p.75. Briiggemann described this species 
after 1 specimen “from Celebes from Rosenberg”. W. Blasius (J. f. O. 1883, 
158, 162) examined the type and came to the conclusion that it was Corvus 
macrorhynchus. This species has never been heard of in Celebes before or since, 
and we believe that the locality is wrong. C. macrm-hynchus varies in the same 
way as C. enca\ three races of it have been distinguished with the following- 
distribution: the typical C. macrorhynchus ^ Sig\. — Malacca to Timor and S. Borneo; 
C. macrorhynchus levaillmiti (Less.) — India to Burmah and the Andamans, Loochoo 
Islands; C. macrorhynchus japonensis (Bp.) — Japan, Bonin, Corea, China, East 
Siberia. Some of the principal references to the species are: Temm. & Schl. 
Faun. Jap. Aves 1850, 79, pi. 39; Schl. Bijdr. Dierk. : Notice genre Corvus, 7, 9, 
pi I, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6; id. Mus. P.-B. Coraces 1867, 15, 19; Sharpe, Cat. B. Ill 
1877, 38 — 42; Hume, Str. E. V, 1877, 461; Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 346; Oates, 
B Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 397; id. ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs Ind. B. 1889, I, 4; 
id.. Faun. Brit. Ind. B. 1889, I, 17; Gigl. & Salvad , P. Z. S. 1887, 583; Seeb., B. 
Japan. Emp. 1890, 94; Tacz., Faune Orn. Sib. Orient. I, 1891, 530; Oust, Nouv. 
Arch, du Mus. 1 894, 53. 
Dr. Shufeldt has recently described a fossil Corvus annectens (J. Ac. Philad. 
1 892, IX, 389), a name which, of course, cannot stand. 
GENUS GAZZOLA Bp. 
This Celebesian form seems to differ from Corvus only in having the pri- 
maries shorter, the secondaries being ^4 the length of the longest, and the first 
primary is 20 mm shorter than the secondaries. 
