636 
Birds of Celebes: Columbidae. 
neck, upper mantle, and jugulum glossed with coppery green; forehead, crown, 
sides of head, and throat pui'e white; under-parts slaty, with violet reflections in 
certain lights; tail above and below black; remiges above black, below blackish 
brown {(J', Kema, Nov. 1893: P. & P. Sarasin). 
Naked periocular skin red (Wall. 5, Saras.); iris yellowish (Saras.); bill and 
feet black (Wall. 5, Platen 8). 
When the bird is seen in a horizontal position towards the light, the lustrous 
green of the nape and neck becomes dark blue. 
Female. Similar to the male, but perhaps a trifle smaller (Salvad. c 4, c 9). 
Young. “The nape, instead of being green, has steel-blue and violet reflections; the feathers 
of the breast and abdomen have pale brown edgings” (Salvad. c 9; Briigg. d 2; 
W. Bias, e 8). 
Measurements (N. Cel. and neighbouring islets 12, S. Cel. 1, adults). Wing 195 — 205 mm; 
tail 180 — 205; tarsus c. 27; bill from feathers of forehead 19.5 — 20.5. 
Distribution. Celebes and Sula: — Minahassa (Quoy & Gaimard a I, Forsten b 3, etc.); 
Banka, Lembeh, Mantehage and Manado tua (Nat. Coll.); Gorontalo Distr. (Bosenb. 
b 3, Meyer c 5); Togian (Meyer e 5); West Celebes (Doherty 9]\ Kandari, S. E. 
Celebes (Beccari c4); Luwu, Central Celebes (Weber d 3)] Pare Pare (P.&F. 
Sarasin 6]\ Tjamba Distr. (Platen c S); near Macassar (Wallace 5, cS); Bonthain 
Distr. (Everett 8); Sula Mangoli (Bernstein b 3)] Sula (Allen cJ); Peling (Nat. 
Coll, in Dresd. and Tring Mus.). 
The genus Turacoena consists only of the present species and of T. modesta 
(Temm.) of Timor, which is distinguishable from the Celebesian form by its 
crown and throat being slate-colour like the rest of its plumage. T. manadensis 
seems to occur all over Celebes as well as in Sula. It was discovered near 
Manado in 1828 by the naturalists of the “Astrolabe”, and it is known as a 
common bird in North Celebes. As has already been pointed out, Timorese types 
— if found in North Celebes — may always be expected in the South, and 
in 1856 this Pigeon was rediscovered near Macassar by Mr. Wallace, and later 
at other points by Beccari, Platen, Weber, the Sarasins, Everett and 
Doherty. Its cry is described by Meyer as a very high note, “Kaukau”, like 
a knock on an empty cask. It usually flies alone, and feeds on different fruits, 
such as the Chilli, Capsicum fastigiatum Bl., etc. Specimens from North and 
South Celebes do not seem to differ, but those from Sula are said by Count 
Salvadori (c 9) to be smaller. Two from Peling resemble immature Celebes 
examples, and are probably not adult. 
The genus Turacoena is placed by Wardlaw Ilamsay and Salvadori 
among the Maxn-opygiae, and Schlegel, Briiggemann and Biittikofer do not 
separate it even generically from Macropygia. It appears to us to have no 
particularly close affinities with that genus, which it approaches only in having 
the tail graduated, though nothing like to an equal extent. The chestnut, 
rufous, and brown colours of Macropygia have nothing to do with the dark 
slate of Turacoena, and the plumage of T. manadensis suggests affinity with 
certain Columbae, such as C. albigularis, with which it agrees in certain points 
of structure. The bill is a good deal similar in shape in both the latter, the 
