Birds of Celebes; Turnicidae. 
687 
known for the species, but Doherty got it in West Celebes with the next 
species. Its nearest affinities are with T. powelli Guillem, of Gunong Api 
(Fire Island) oif Sumbawa, described as wanting the rufous on the abdomen and 
thighs, with other differences (Guillemard P. Z. S. 1885, 511, Hartert 7'. 
The genus Turnix illustrates a curious reveisal of certain peculiarities which 
commonly appear to pertain to the different sexes in birds. I he female of 
Turnix is larger than the male, has a more highly developed plumage, is very 
pugnacious during the breeding-season, fighting with other females, and does 
not attend to its eggs and young; the male is smaller and generally resembles the 
young female, is quieter in disposition, and hatches the eggs and takes care 
of the young. A full investigation of this subject would no doubt produce 
matter of great interest. It has been suggested that the female is polyandrous 
Krohn, “Gefiederte Welt” 1894, 190). Systematically, the genus has been well 
handled by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant in the Ibis 1890, 446 475, when 23 species 
are admitted, and in the Catalogue of Birds 1 893, XXII, in which the number 
is reduced to 21 species. Some observations on the birds in captivity are re- 
corded in “Gefiederte Welt” 1892, 63 et seq. and 1894, 49 et seq. 
293. TURNIX MACULOSA (Temm.). 
Black-backed Bustard-quail. 
a. Hemipodius maculosus (1) Temm., Pig. & Gall. HI, 1815, 631, 757. 
h. Turnix maculatus (I) VieilL, Gall. Ois. II, 51, pi. 217 (1825). 
c. Hemipodius melanotus (I) Gld., B. Austr. 1848, F, pi. 84. 
d. Turnix melanotus (1) Glcl., HB. B. Austr. 1865, II, 182; (2) Bamsay, Tab. List 1888, 18. 
e. Turnix beccarii (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 675; (2) W. Bias., J. f. 0. 
1883, 119; (3) Salvad., Ibis 1890, 130; (4) Grant, t. c. 344. 
f. Turnix melanonota (1) Salvad., Orn. Pap. HI, 1882, 258, pt.; (2) id., Agg. 1891, 195. 
Turnix maculosa (1) Grant, Ibis 1889, 451, 465, 467, 468; (2) id., Cat. B. XXH, 1893, 
546; (3) Hart., Hov. Zool. 1897, 166. 
For further synonymy cf. Salvador! f 1^ Grant 2. 
Figures and descriptions. Vieillot h I\ Gould cl; Salvador! el, f V, Grant 2. 
Description. Above varied with grey, black, rufous -chestnut and pale fulvous; abdomen 
and throat ■whitish fulvous; upper breast fulvo-rufous. 
Head above black, feather-edges and mesial streak on head pale fulvous; lores, 
superciliary stripe and sides of head pale fulvous; checks and auricular region 
spotted with black; hind neck, back, uropygium and upper tail-coverts dusky 
grey, varied with spots and bandlcts of black and rufous chestnut, the feathers broadly 
edged externally with pale fulvons, with a submai-gm of black; abdomen fulvous 
whitish, the upper breast and sides fulvo-rufous; the feathers of the sides with 
lunulate marks of black in the middle; wings pale fulvous, the upper coverts lunu- 
lately marked with black, the under ones unspotted; remiges fulvous grey, margined 
with pale fulvous; tail like the back; upper mandible dusky, the lower and feet 
yellowish. Wing 64, 70 mm; bill 10; tarsus 17, 19 (Salvador! el). 
