Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 
737 
14) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 929; (5) Salvad., Om. Pap. 1882, m, 293; (6) Baird, 
Brew. & Eidgw., Water B. N. Am. 1884, I, 132; (7) Everett, J. Str. Br. E. A. S 
1889, 204; (8) Steere, List B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 25; (9) Sh. & Whitehd., Ibis 
1891, 141 ; (10) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 496; (11) Hose, Ibis 1893, 424; (12) Tacz., 
Paun. Om. Sib. Orient. 1893, H, 835; (13) Hewton, Diet. B. 1894, 731, 732; (14) 
Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 250; (15) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 182, 737. 
h. Pluvialis varius (Briss.) ; flj Eosenb., Malay. Arcliip. 1878, 278. 
c. Charadrius helveticus (1) Seeb., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 102; (2) Whitehd., Ibis 1891, 59. 
For further synonymy and references cf. Naumann a J; Sli, & Dresser IZ; Legge 4; 
Salvad. 5; Seebohm c 1\ Taezanowski 12] Sharpe 75; etc. 
Figures and descriptions. Naumann a I] Gould /; Sharpe & Dresser II, III (chick); 
Legge 4; Baird, Brewer & Eidgw. 6] Seebohm c7; Sharpe 75; etc. 
Diagnosis. Like Charadrius fulvtos, but with a minute hind-toe ’), black axillaries, a larger 
bill, and general size larger. 
Measurements. Wing ca. 195; tail 85; tarsus 46; bill from forehead 29 mm. 
Distribution. Europe; Africa; Asia; Austraha; N. and Central America. 
The Grey Plover breeds in the far North and in autumn it makes its way 
to South Africa, to South Asia, and onward through the East Indian Archipelago 
to Australia and Tasmania, while, in America, it visits the West Indies and 
Central America. It has been encountered on all sides of Celebes as a winter 
visitor or bird of passage — in the Philippines, as Salvadori show's, by Meyer 
and Layard, also by Steere, in Borneo by Diard and many others, in Java 
by Horsfield, Kuhl and van Hasselt, in Halmahera by Wallace and 
Bernstein, in Timor by Salomon Muller. There can therefore be no reason- 
able doubt that the bird occurs in Celebes also, though at present the only re- 
cord of its occurrence there consists in its name being put down in Eosenb erg’s 
(hi) list, which without confirmation by actual specimens is, as W'e have already 
stated, quite insufficient evidence. 
The breeding grounds of this species long remained unknow’n to ornithologists, 
to be found first in 1843 by v. Middendorff in Northern Siberia, then in 
1864 — 1865 byMacFaiTane on an island in ITanklin Bay on the arctic coast 
of America. Of its breeding in Europe a graphic account has been given by 
Seebohm, W'ho with Harvie-Brown succeeded in finding many nests on the 
tundra of the Petchora in June — July, 1875. The eggs are described by Seebohm 
as intermediate between those of the Golden Plover and the Pewit, and the nests 
were found among the tussocks intersecting the boggy land; one is described 
as “a hollow, evidently scratched, perfectly round, somewhat deep, and containing 
a handful of broken slender twigs and reindeer moss”. 
Squatarola is separated generically from Charadrius in virtue of its possessing 
a diminutive hind toe ; this is not seen in Charadrius. It is likely that Squatarola 
presents the type of the Charadriine foot of a former age, for it appears certain 
1) Sharpe & Dresser figure C. fulvus (pi. 516) with a small hind toe; this is of course mong. 
Meyer & W igl e 3 wo rtli Birds of Celebes (Dec. 2nd, 1897). 93 
