Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 
811 
Cranes. The hallux of the Herons not raised above the plane of the other toes, 
and the pectinated middle claw serve to distinguish them from the Storks, 
which differ also in many anatomical characters (see, supra, Ciconiae ) ; while the 
Cranes, among other differences, are nidifugous or able to run about almost 
immediately after leaving the egg, thereby showing their affinity with the Eails, 
etc., whereas the Herons are hatched helpless and are fed by the parents for a 
long time in the nest. 
GENUS PHOYX Stejii. 
The Purple Herons differ from the Herons of the genus Ardea by their 
longer toes, the middle one being with the claw about equal to the tarsus; by 
the upper two-thirds of the tarsus in front being covered with transverse shields, 
instead of with irregular scales ; by the hind claw being more than half as long 
as the joint of the hallux. Two species or races are known. 
Range; Europe — chiefly the Southern and Central countries; Africa; 
Madagascar; Asia (excluding Siberia, at least N. E., and Japan) as far as Celebes. 
346. PHOYX MANILENSIS (Meyen). 
Oriental Purple Heron. 
a. Ardea purpurea var. manillensis (1) Meyen, Acta Acad. Leop. Carol. 1833, XVI, Supj)l. 
p. 102; (2) id., Reise um d. Erde 1831, HI, 226. 
b. Ardea purpurea (nec Linn.); (1) Hume, Ibis 1869, 238; (2) Meyer, J. f. O. 1873, 405; 
(3) Salvad., Oat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 345, pt.; (4) Hume, Str. R,1874, H, 303; 
(5) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1875, IX, 236; (6) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 
680; (7) Briigg., Abb. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 96; (8) Lenz, t. c. 380; (9) David 
& Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 438; (10) Hume & Dav., Str. E. 1878, VI, 472; 
(11) Rosenb., Malay. Arcliip. 1878, 278; (12) Hume, Str. F. 1879, VHI, 158; 
(13) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 143, 146; (14) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1879, XIV, 
253; (15) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1132; (16) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; 
(17) W. Bias., Verb. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1883, 71; (18) Joest, Das Holontalo 1883, 
106; (19) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, II, 245; (XX) Meyer, Vogelskel. 1884, 
I, t. LXXni; (21) W. Bias., Ztschr. ges. Om. 1885, 315; (22) Vord., X. T. Xed. 
Lid. 1885, XLIV, 233; (23) Biittik. , Xotes Leyden Mus. 1887, 80; (24) Stejn., 
Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 311; (25) Platen, Gelled. Welt 1887, 206; 
(25'^*^) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 188; (26) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 146, 
285; (27) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs 1890, HI, 235; (28) Steere, List Coll. 
B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26; (29) Hagen, T. Ned. Aard. Genoots. 1890, (2) VH, 
166; (30) Styan, Ibis 1891, 327, 491; (31) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1891 — 92, 
(2) Xn, 76, 141; (31’>‘^) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 488; (32) Hose, Ibis 1893, 
420; (33) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, HI, 283; (34) Bourns & 
Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 31; (35) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, 
Nr. 8, p. 18; (36) P. & E. Sarasin, Z. Erdk. Berlin 1895, XXX, 353. 
c. Ardea manillensis (1) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 42/. 
Phoyx manillensis (1) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 431; (II) id.. Cat. B. 1898, XXVI, 63, 
102 * 
