Birds of Celebes; Ardeidae. 
829 
from Herodias alba being the possession (when in breeding plumage) of an occi- 
pital crest and of ornamental jugular feathers, and a less conical bill, which is 
chiefly black, not yellow, in winter. 
Of the other Egrets occurring in Celebes H. intermedia may be at once 
separated from garzetta by its yellow bill and much longer toes (90 mm as against 
about 70 in garzetta). H. eulophotes Swinh. {H. immaculata Gld.) has a much 
shorter tarsus than garzetta (80 against 100 mm), shorter toes (63 against ca. 
70 mm), shorter bill, its first primary as long or longer, not shorter, than the 
third, and in the breeding season a yellow bill and a crest of many (not simply 
two) occipital lanceolate feathers. Buhulcus coromandus in pure white plumage 
may always be recognised by its short bill. 
353. HERODIAS ALBA (L.). 
Great White Egret. 
The Great White Egret is almost cosmopolitan in its range, but, like most 
species with a wide distribution, it presents some geographical differences. In 
Indo-China and Australia it is small in size, and it is to these individuals that 
the following synonymy belongs: 
a. Ardea torra “Buchanan” (1) Erankl., P. Z. S. 1831, 124. 
b. Ardea modesta (1) J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. 19 (1831)', (II) id. & Hardw., HI. Ind. Zool. 
1834, II, pi. 49, fig. 1. 
e. ? Ardea timoriensis [Cuv., Paris Mas.]; (1) Less., Tr. d’Om. 1831, 575. 
d. Herodias syrmatophorns (I) Gould. B. Austr. 1848, VI, pi. 56. 
e. Ardea egretta Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 17; (SJ Eosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 
278; (8) id., Zool. Garten 1881, 167. 
Herodias alba (Linn.); (1) Jerd., B. Ind. 1864, m, 744; (2) Gould, B. Australia 1865, 
n, 301; (3) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 439; (4) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 
1138; (5) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, II, 246; (6) Rams., Pr. L. Soc. N. S. W. 
1887, 172; (7) id.. Tab. List. 1888, 21; (8) Cox & Hamil., Pr. L. Soc. N. S. W. 
1889, 421; (9) North, Nests and Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 398; (^70^ Seeb., B. Japan. 
1890, 216; (11) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs 1890, HI, 237; (12) Styan, 
Ibis 1891, 327, 491; (13) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 488. 
f. Egretta modesta (1) Swinh., P. Z. S. 1871, 412. 
g. Herodias egretta (1) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VUI, 99. 
h. Herodias torra (1) Salvad., Oat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 347; (2) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VI, 
472; (3) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, HI, 350; (4) Everett, J. Str. Br. E. A. S. 1889, 
189; (5) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 146, 285; (6) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 206; 
(7) M. & Wg., J. f. O. 1894, 252. 
i. Ardea alba var. modesta (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 96. 
j. Herodias alba modesta (1) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 314. 
It. Egretta alba modesta (1) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, H, 979. 
l. Ardea alba modesta (1) Seeb., Ibis 1893, 52. 
m. Herodias timoriensis (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, XXVI, 98. 
“Swekko puti besar” (puti besar = white large), Malay, Tondano, Nat. Coll. 
