24 
Introduction: Seasons and Winds. 
imperceptible. The S.E. wind in general blows continuously, though, when the 
rainy season is going on in the lower regions, it may be replaced for a few 
days only by the West wind or by complete calm, the latter being the con- 
dition which nearly always reigns at night. The rain also is not heavier or 
more continuous here during the time of the West Monsoon than in the other 
period, but falls in tolerably equal quantity almost daily throughout the year. 
“In the Fourth or Cold Zone (7500 to 10000 ft. and upwards) the mean 
temperature is 13® C. (55-4® F., 10-4® R.) at the lower boundary, and 8® C. 
(46-4® F., 6-4®R.) at a height of 10000 ft. above the sea-level. The difference 
in warmth of day and night is usually not very great; this is to be ascribed 
to the comparatively small extent of solid ground for the sun to play upon. 
On the highest mountain-tops, in places where there is no shelter from bushes 
and other objects, the temperature sometimes descends to the freezing-point, 
so that water, removed from the ground which contains warmth, receives a 
coating of ice in the open air and the grass is covered with rime. The moisture 
of the atmosphere is much less here than in the lower Zones, not exceeding 
11-60 grm. at the lower limit and 8-70 grm. at 10000 ft. The air is conse- 
quently more rarified, purer, more transparent and fine; sound does not travel 
well, and breathing is more difficult. The few mists that rise up so high fail 
to form into clouds; rain is consequently very rare, and then only occurs as a 
fine drizzle. During great calms, however, it happens that the mists from the 
lower districts ascend right up into this Zone and then, becoming at once solidi- 
fied by the ice-cold atmosphere, fall as hail. An East wind prevails uninter- 
ruptedly on these heights, though usually falling to a calm at night. Only 
very rarely, when the West wind is blowing strongly in the lower regions and 
is driven up the declivities of the mountains, it makes itself felt in the under- 
most parts of this Zone, bringing mists and fogs with it. At 10000 ft. a West 
wind is unknown. Obviously there can be no question of a rainy season in 
this Zone.” 
Although we have not particulars of the climatic variation at different 
altitudes in other parts of the Archipelago, it is not to be expected that the 
high mountains south of the equator will present any great differences from 
those of Java; those found north of the equator will be affected by other 
winds. 
It is now proposed to examine the different parts of the Archipelago in 
greater detail. 
Celebes. — The greater part of the country, being south of the equator, is 
under the influence of the Monsoons of the southern hemisphere. Over the 
Northern Peninsula, which lies just north of the equator, the S.E. Monsoon 
of April to October seems to be deflected by the S.W. Monsoon of the north 
of the equator, and from October to April the N.E. Trade-wind of the north 
similarly deflected by the N.W. Monsoon of the south; in consequence of this 
fairly due South and North winds respectively figure rather prominently here 
