44 
Introduction: Migration. 
a liost of fislies swam in front of it, while innumerable crabs sat upon it and 
sunned themselves”. 
In the special articles on the species records of individuals captured or 
observed at sea are quoted, such are: Tachyspizias soloensis (China Sea, near 
the Pescadores, May); Accipiter virgatus (China Sea, near the Natuna Is., 
14‘^ November); Merops philippinus (Indian Ocean, November); Halcyon sancta 
(Pacific Ocean, 300 sea-miles S.E. of the Louisiade group); Hirimdo rustica 
(several records from the seas between the Moluccas and S. China); Acrocephalus 
orientalis (40 miles N. of the Loochoo Islands); Motacilla flava (Indian Ocean and 
China Sea); Tringa ruficollis (China Sea, May 14*’'); Hypotaenidia philippensis 
(Pacific Ocean far at sea east of Australia) ; Myristicivora bicolor and Caloenas nico- 
barica (Seas of the East Indian Archipelago). 
Routes. — The above tables tend to prove that each species has 
its own route or routes of migration; nevertheless the species allow of 
a certain amount of co-ordination, as folloAvs. 
From Northern Europe and Siberia to the East Indian Archipelago. — So far 
as species occurring in Celebes are concerned, migration reaches its highest 
development in the Arctic Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus borealis (J. H. Bias.) and the 
Siberian Pipit, Anthus gustavi Swinh. The former is known to breed as far 
west as Northern Norway (Collett), the latter as far as the Petchora (Seebohm 
and Har vie -Brown); they also breed in various parts of Siberia. In the 
winter there are no observations to show that individuals stop short of S.E. Asia 
and the East Indies ; on the other hand they are observed to pass through China 
on migration, the Pipit holding to the countries washed by or near the Pacific 
Ocean and not visiting the Indian countries, while the ChiffchatF occurs both in 
the territories invaded by the Pipit and in Further India and the neighbouring- 
islands as well. So far as can be judged the general direction of the two 
species in autumn is from west to east across Siberia and then south or south- 
south-east. They are in singular contradiction to Gatke’s picturesque theory 
of an east to west fiight at this season, and Anthus gustavi should be contrasted 
with Anthus richardi V., which is supposed to migrate in the opposite direction, 
and is often referred to for proof by Gatke. 
From Northern Europe to Africa, and from Siberia to the East Indies or 
further. — Many species migrate thus, but, as a rule, appreciable racial differ- 
ences may be seen in the western and eastern individuals, with intermediate 
forms from other localities between them. Such are: Hirundo rustica, Cuculus 
canorus, Petropkila cyanus, Motacilla flava, Motacilla hoarula, Anthus cervinus, 
Totanus calidris. Other forms are commonly separated as distinct species in the 
W est and East ; such are CharadriUrS pluvialis and fulvus, Acrocephalus turdoides and 
orientalis, Tringa minuta and ruficollis, Limosa lapponica and novaezealandiae, Numenius 
phaeopus and variegatus. Others do not differ in the West and East, or at least 
no prominent racial differences in them have as yet been insisted upon; such 
