90 
Birds of Celebes; Pandionidae. 
(7j Gurney, Ibis 1882, 595 — 598; (8) id.. Dram. B. of Prey 1884, 113 (subs23. ?); 
(9) Meyer, Isis 1884, 6; (10) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 23, pi. 5, 
f. 1, 2 (eggs); (11) Steero, List Coll. B. Philip. Is. 1890, 8; (12) Meyer, Abh. Mus. 
Dresden 1893, 3, p. 4. 
d. Pandion haliaetus leucoeephalus (1) Briiggem., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 45; (2) 
Wiglesw., Aves Polyn. 1891, 1; (3) Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1896, 178. 
For synonymy and further references see Salvadori c 6. 
3. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gm.). 
e. Pandion carolinensis (Gm. 1788); (I) Audubon, B. N. Am. pi. 81 (1831); (2) Gurney, 
Iliis 1882, 595 — 598; (3) id.. Diurn. B. of Prey 1884, 113 (subsp.?). 
f. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis Bidgw. , B. N. Am. 1874, III, 182; (1) id., Man. N. Am. 
Birds, 1887, 254. 
Key to distinguish the 3 subspecies: 
A. Below purer wliite than in the other races, breast often immaculate; “shafts of 
the tail-feathers continuously white”: . ... P. haliaetus earolinensis. 
Distribution. “Temperate and troincal America in general, north to Hudson’s 
Bay and Alaska” (Bidgw. f 1]. 
B. Breast always more or less varied with brown: 
a. Larger; wing from 437 (cf) — 528 mm (Q) (ex Gurney hid); crown of 
< head usually more strongly marked with brown streaks than in leuco- 
cephal'us: The typical P. haliaetus. 
Figures and descriptions. Naum, a /; Gld. h J; Dresser h VHP, 
Sharpe b 6\ Legge h .9; Gurney h 10\ Seebohm b 11; etc. etc. 
Osteology. Selenka, Bronn’s Kl. u. Ord., ^d. X'VH, f. 7 (sternum); Milne- 
Edw. , Ois. Foss. 1867 — 71, jd. 179; Eyton, Ost. Av. 1867 — 75, 
jd. HI, f. 10 (frons), jd. Y, f. 5 (jjelvis); Blanchard, Ost. Ois. 1859, 
2)1. II, 7, 8; Furbringer, Enters. 1888, I, 20; IH, 102; VI, 81 
(shoulder); Giebel, Z. ges. Naturvv. 1858, V/Vl, 49. 
Distribution. Europe; Africa; Asia, as frir south as Java ((;f with wing 
450 mm — Yorderman), Borneo (b 16, b 17), Palawan (bl8), and 
the Sangi Islands (h 15); Celebes (in Dresden Mus.). 
b. Smaller; wing 386 — 493 nun; crown of head sometimes nearly, or quite, 
pure white: P. haliaetus leucoeephalus. 
Figures and descriptions. Gould c 7, c 77, c ///; Schl. h 777(?); Gur- 
ney c 7; North c 10. Eyton, Ost. Av. 1867 — 75, 2 d. I (skeh), 2 d. II, 
f. 1 (metatarsus), 2 d. HI, f. 2 (sternum). 
Distribution. New Zealand (bll ) ; Australia and New Caledonia throughout 
the intervening islands to Celebes and Sangi (Salvad. c 6); Banggai 
Id. (Nat. Coll.); Talaut Is. (Nat. Coll.); Bawean Islands (Schl. b 2); 
S. E. Borneo (b 2); Phili232dne Islands — Marinduquo (Steere c 11); 
Pelew Islands (Mus. Hamburg d 2). 
The species P. haliaetus may be generally described as follows: 
Adult. Head and neck white, with dark brown centres to the feathers 2 n‘esent in greater 
or less abundance on the crown and hind neck; quills black; all other parts of 
the U 2 )per surface dull dark brown, the margins of the feathers somewhat paler; 
