Birds of Celebes: Asionidae. 
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33. SCOPS MANADENSIS (Q. G.). 
Manado Scops Owl. 
The little Eared Owl of Celebes, the typical S. manadensis'), as the first de- 
scribed of a number of local races not worthy of separation as distinct species, 
should combine under its specific title, S. manadensis itself and some eight other 
subspecies known up to the present as occurring in Celebes, Sangi, the Moluccas, 
Borneo, Sooloo, Flores and Madagascar. 
1. The typical Scops manadensis. 
a. Strix manadensis (I) Quoy & Gaim. , Voy. Astrol. Ois. 1830, I, 170, Atl. pi. 2, f. 2. 
1). Otus manadensis (1) Temni. & Sclil., Faun. Jaj). Aves 1845, 26. 
c. Ephialtes menadensis flj Gray, Gen. B. 1845,1, 38; {2J Wall., Ibis 1868, 25 pt. (Celebes 
only); (3) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIH, 40 pt.; (4) Moyer, Ibis 1879, 57; (5) W. 
Bias., J. f. O. 1883, 135. 
d. Pisorhina menadensis (1) Kaiip, Isis 1848, 769. 
e. Scops menadensis (1) Bp., Oonsp. 1850, I, 47; (2) Sclil., Mus. P.-B. Oti 1862, 20; (3) id., 
Eev. Noctuae 1873, 12; (IV) Sharpe, Oat. B. 1875, II, 76, pi. VIH, fig. 2; (5) 
Briiggem., Abh. Vei\ Bremen 1876, V, 48; (6) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
1876, 644; (7) Hartl., Vog. Madag. 1877, 46; (8) Meyer, Isis 1884, 13; (9) Guillem., 
P. Z. S. 188.5, 545; (10) W. Bias., Ornis 1888, 544; (XI) Meyer, Abb. Vogelskelet. 
1892, pi. CLXI, pt. 31; (12) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895 Nr. 8, p. 5; 
(13) iid., ib. 1896 Nr. I, p. 7. 
/'. Megascops menadensis. Kaup, Tr. Z. S. IV, 230. 
g. (?) Scops siaoensis (1) Schh, Eev. Noctuae 1873, 13. 
“Hot Hot”, Manado, N. Celebes, Nat. Coll. 
Eor further references see Sharpe e IV. 
Figures and descriptions. Quoy & Gaimard a J; Sharpe e JF; Meyer e 8, eXI (skeleton); 
Schlcgel e 5, g 1\ Briiggemann e 5; W. Blasius elO. 
Adult. General colour above, of head, neck, back and wing-covcrts, mummy Imown, passmg 
into a pale dull or drab -brown on quills, upper tail-coverts and tail, the whole 
thickly and minutely variegated with spots of tawny olive or rufous and with black, 
most strongly expressed as streaks about the shafts and broken up into unformed 
cross-bars and fine vermiculations on the webs of the feathers; the exposed outer 
webs of the scajiulars white or buify white tipped with black; superciliary region 
whitish; hreast cinnamon variegated with white and with black vermiculations and 
central streaks; sides, abdomen and under tail-coverts like the breast, but much 
more mottled with unformed bars and spots of wlfite; tarsi — feathered to near the 
toes — wood-brown speckled with black; ])rimaries marked on the outer webs with 
pale cinnamon bars of about 4 mm wide and separated by intervals about twice as 
broad of brownish (N. Celebes and Sangi, Nr. 8253, 8254, etc.). 
Variation. As in some other forms of Scops Owd, browner and more rufous individuals of 
this race occur, the latter looking like the former saturated in a rufous dye. A fine 
series of thhleen in the Sarasin Collection show's that this difference is not due to 
*) This word has been variously spelt manadensis, menadensis, minadensis, but, not only is manadensis 
the original spelling of Quoy & Gaimard, hut also the correct orthogi’aphy of the town, Manado. 
