390 
Birds of Celebes: Mnscicapidae. 
out (8), G. modiglianii differs in having a distinct dusky collar on the sides of 
the neck, the upper surface darker, the yellow below a little clearer, a distinct 
subterminal black band on the tail. G. sulfurea Wall, of Solor near Flores 
differs by its smaller size, a broad median black band across the tail-feathers, 
with a large white spot at the tip of the inner web (Sharpe). 
The genus Gerygone, as may be seen from Count Salvadori’s great work, 
is absent, so far as is known, from the Moluccas. The genus is divided by 
Sharpe into two, Gerygone and Pseudogerygone, the latter with the secondaries 
of somewhat increased length — an unsatisfactory character, we think, whereon 
to base a genus. Taking the two together as one genus, Gerygone ranges from 
the Malay Peninsula through the Sunda Islands and Philippines, to Australia, 
New Guinea, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, New Zealand and the Chatham 
Islands, as shown by Sharpe. From their richness in species it may be sup- 
posed to have arisen in New Guinea or Australia, whence it seems to have 
spread its range by flight. 
Gerygone is placed among the Mnscicapidae by Sharpe, who rightly re- 
marks that it is one of those genera which evince a great likeness to the 
Warblers. It is in fact almost, if not quite, impossible to draw a line between 
the Flycatchers and Warblers. Gould, who left the family to which it belongs 
doubtful, says that “their food consists of insects of the most diminutive size, 
such as aphides, gnats and mosquitos. They mostly frequent the thick umbra- 
geous woods, where they flit about under the canopy of the dense foliage, or 
sally forth into the open glade like true Flycatchers” (Hb. B. Austr. 1865, I, 265). 
GENUS PRATINCOLA K. L. Kocli. 
The Chats are treated as a family, Saxicolidae, by many authors; by Oates 
(Faun. Br. Ind. B. II, 1890, 57) as a subfamily of the Turdidae. We do not 
know how Pratincola can be separated from the Flycatchers, all that can be 
said for it is that its bill is less wide and its feet larger than in most of the 
Mnscicapidae. Bill shorter than cranium, across the nostril about as wide as deep; 
nostril roundish, the feathers of the forehead impinging to its base; rictal bristles 
moderate, two or three frontal bristles reaching over the nostril; chin-feathers 
with hairy ends; 2“^ primary about as long as the secondaries; tip of wing 
formed by the 3'^ — 6**‘ primaries; tail rounded, shorter than wing; tarsus longer 
than middle toe and claw. Sexes dissimilar. Range: Europe, Africa, Asia, as 
far as Celebes and Flores. 
141. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA (L.). 
Indian Pied Bush-chat. 
a. Motacilla caprata (1) Linn., S. N. 1766, I, 335. 
b. Saxicola caprata (1) S. Mull., Verb. Natnurk. Comm. 1839 — 44, 87; (2) id., Reizen Ind. 
Arcliip. 1858, II, 8. 
