SAX 
ill the year 1653. At present, that king- 
dom possesses the largest perhaps ever con- 
structed in Europe, where a water-wheel, 
twelve feet broad, drives at the same time 
seventy-two saws. 
In England saw-mills had at first the 
same fate that printing' had in Tuikey, the 
ribbon-loom in the dominions of the church, 
and the crane at Strasburgli. When at- 
tempts were made to introduce them, they 
were violently opposed, because it was ap- 
prehended- that the sawyers would be de- 
prived by them of their means of getting a 
subsistance. For this reason, it was found 
necessary to abandon a saw-mill erected by 
a Dutchman near London, in 1663,; and in 
the year 1700, when one Houghton laid be- 
fore the nation the advantages of such a 
mill, he expressed his apprehension t}iat it 
might excite the rage of the populace. 
Wliathe dreaded was actually the case in 
1767 or 1768, when an opulent tiraber-mer- 
cliant, by the desire and approbation of tlie 
Society of Arts, caused a saw- mill, driven 
by wind, to be erected at Limehouse, un- 
der the direction of James Stanfield, who 
had learned, in Holland and Norway, the 
art of constructing and managing machines 
of that kind. A mob assembled, and pulled 
the mill, to pieces ; but the damage was 
made good by the nation, and some of the 
riotei-s were punished. A new mill was 
afterwards erected, which was suffered 
to work without molestation, and which 
gave occasion to the erection of others, 
it appears, however, that this was not the 
only mill of the kind then in Britain ; for 
one driven also by wind had been built at 
Leith, in Scotland, some years before. 
.SAXIFRAGA, in botany, stixifrage, a 
genus of the Decandria Digynia class and 
order. Natural order of Succulent*. Saxi- 
fragas, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx 
five-parted, five-petalled ; capsule two-beak- 
ed, one-celled, many-seeded. There are 
fifty species ; of these we shall notice the 
S. granulata, or white saxifrage, which grows 
naturally in the meadows in many parts of 
England. The roots of this plant are like 
grains of corn, of a reddish colour with- 
out : there is a variety of this with double 
flowers, which is very ornamental. The 
leaves are tongue-shaped, gathered into 
heads, rounded at their points, and have 
cartilaginous and sawed borders. The stalk 
rises two feet and a half high, branching 
out near the ground, forming a natural 
pyramid to the top. The flowers have five 
white wedge shaped petals, and ten stamina, 
SCH 
placed circularly the length of the tube, 
terminated by roundish purple summits. 
When these plants are strong, they produce 
very large pyramids of flowers. S. nm- 
brosa, commonly called London pride, or 
none-so-pretty, grows naturally on the 
Alps, and also in great plenty on a moun- 
tain of Ireland, called Mangerton, in the 
county of Kerry, in that island. The roots 
of this are perennial. S. oppositifolia grows 
naturally on the Alps, Pyrenees, and Hel- 
vetian mountains : it is also found pretty 
plentifully growing upon Ingleborongh hill, 
in Yorkshire; Snowdon, in Wales, and 
some other places. It is a perennial plant, 
with stalks trailing upon the ground. The 
flowers are produced at the end of the 
branches, of a deep blue. 
SCABIOSA, in botany, scabious, a ge- 
nus of the Tetrandria Mouogynia class and 
order. Natural order of Aggregat*. Dip- 
saceas, Jussieu. Essential character: ca- 
lyx common, many-leaved ; proper double 
superior; receptacle chaffy. There are 
forty-three species. S. arvensis, or meadow 
scabious, grows naturally in many places of 
Britain. The flowers are produced upon 
naked footstalks at the ends of the branches ; 
they are of a purple colour, and have a 
faint odour. S. succisa, or devil’s bit, grows 
in woods and moist places. This has a 
short tap-root, the end of which appears 
as if it was bitten or cut off, whence the 
plant has taken its name. 
SCABRID.E, in botany, the name of 
the fifty-third order in Linnseus Fragments 
of a Natural Method, consisting of plants 
with rough leaves. Among these are the 
ficus and morus, which yield by incision a 
milky juice. Another genus is the canna- 
bis, or hemp, from the leaves of which, in 
the East Indies, an intoxicating liquor is 
prepared, and from the seeds is drawn an 
oil useful for lamps. 
SCJEYOLA, in botany, a genus of the 
Pentandria Monogynia class and order. 
Natural order of Campauulacea;, Jussieu. 
Essential character: corolla one-petalled, 
with the tube cloven longitudinally, the 
border five-cleft and lateral ; drupe infe- 
rior, containing one two-celled nut. There 
are three species, natives of the East In- 
dies. 
SCH7EFFERA, in botany, a genus of 
the Dioecia Tetrandria class and order. 
Essential character : male, calyx four or 
five-leaved ; corolla four-petalled, or none : 
female, calyx four or five-parted ; corolla 
four-parted, or none; berry two-celled ; 
