SAN 
one-celled. There is only one species, mz. 
S. canadensis, Canadian sanguinaria, blood- 
wort, or puccoon : a native of the northern 
parts of America, where it grows plentifully 
in the woods; and in the spring, before the 
leaves of the trees come out, tlie surface of 
the ground is in many places covered with 
the flowers, which have some resemblance 
to our wood anemone ; but they have short 
naked pedicels, each supporting one flower 
at top. Some of these flowers will have ten 
or twelve petals, so that they appear to 
have a double range of leaves, which has 
occasioned their being termed double flow- 
ers ; but this is only accidental, the same 
roots in different years producing different 
flowers. 
SANGUISORBA, in botany, a genus of 
the Tetrandria Monogynia class and order. 
Natural order of Miscellaneae, Linnasus. 
Rosaceae, Jussieu. Essential character : 
calyx two-leaved, inferior; corolla supe- 
rior ; germ between the calyx and corolla. 
There are three species with several va- 
rieties. 
SANICULA, in botany, sanicle, a genus 
of the Pentandria Digynia class and order. 
Natural order of UmbellatEe, or Umbelli- 
ferae. Essential character : umbels clus- 
tered, subcapitate ; fruit rugged ; flowers 
of the disk abortive. There are three 
species. 
SANTALUM, in botany, a genus of the 
Tetrandria Monogynia class and order. 
Natural order of Onagree, Jussieu. Essen- 
tial character : calyx four-toothed ; corolla 
four-petalled, with the petals growing on 
the calyx, besides four glands ; berry infe- 
rior, one-seeded. There is only one species, 
viz. S. album, white and yellow sandal 
wood. This tree has the appearance of a 
myrtle, with stiff branchiate branches, joint- 
ed ; in habit, leaves and inflorescence re- 
sembling the privet. It is a native of many 
parts of India. In the Circar mountains, 
where it is wild, it is of little value, as it is 
generally of a small stature. On the Mala- 
bar coast it is very large, and the wood of 
the best kind. The difference of colour 
constitutes two kinds of sanders, both em- 
ployed for the same purposes, and having 
equally a bitter taste, and an aromatic smell. 
With the powder of this wood a paste is 
prepared, with which the Chinese, Indians, 
Persians, Arabians, and Turks, anoint their 
bodies. It is likewise burnt in their houses, 
and yields a fragrant and wholesome smell. 
The greatest quantity of this wood, to which 
a sharp and attenuating virtue is ascribed , 
SAP 
remains in India. The red sanders, though 
in less estimation, and less generally used, 
is sent by preference into Europe^ I'his is 
the produce of a different tree, which is 
common on the coast of Coromandel. Some 
travellers confound it with the wood of 
Caliatour, which is used in dyeing. 
The S. album, or white sanders, is 
brought from the East Indies, in billets 
about the thickness of a man’s leg, of a 
pale-whitish colour. It is that part of the 
yellow sanders wood which lies next the 
bark. Great part of it, as met with in the 
shops, has no smell or taste, nor any sensi- 
ble quality that can recommend it to the 
notice of the physician. 
The S. "flavum, or yellow sanders, is 
the interior part of the wood of the same 
tree which furnishes the former, is of a pale 
yellowish colour, of a pleasant smell, and a 
bitterish aromatic taste, accompanied with 
an agreeable kind of pungency. This ele- 
gant wood might undoubtedly be applied to 
valuable medical purposes, though at pre- 
sent very rarely used. Distilled with water, 
it yields a fragrant essential oil, which 
thickens in the cold into the consistence of 
a balsam. Digested in pure spirit, it im- 
parts a rich yellow tincture ; which being 
committed to distillation, the spirit arises 
without bringing over any thing consider- 
able of the flavour of the sanders. The re- 
siduum contains the virtues of six times its 
weight of the wood. 
SANTOLIfiAj in botany, lavender-cot' 
ton, a genus of the Syngenesia Polygamia 
iEqualis class and order. Natural order of 
Compositae Discoideae. Coryrabiferae, Jus- 
sieu. Essential character ; calyx imbricate, 
hemispherical ; down none ; receptacle 
chaffy. There are six species, S. chamoe- 
cyparisus, common lavender-cotton 5 grows 
naturally in the southern parts of Europe, 
and is much cultivated in English gardens. 
All tlie species are ornamental plants, and 
may be propagated by planting slips and 
cuttings in the spring. 
SAP. See Plant. 
The sap of trees, chemically considered, 
is a watery mucilaginous liqui(1,often strongly 
saccharine, so as to yield a large quantity 
of sugar, and to furnish a very strong fer- 
mented liquor. 
Sap, or Sapp, in the art of war, is the 
digging deep under the earth of the glacis, 
in order to open a covered passage into the 
moat. It is only a deep trench, covered at 
top with boards, hurdles, earth, sand-bags, 
