SAM 
either by holding it close to the staif so as 
it cannot flutter, or by strikinc; it so as it 
cannot be seen at all, wliich is the most re- 
spectful. Saluting with the sails is per- 
formed by hovering the topsails half-way 
of the masts. Only those vessels that carry 
no guns salute with the sails. 
The following regulations on this subject 
are deserving of notice : “ When any of his 
Majesty’s ships shall meet with any ship or 
ships belonging to any foreign prince or 
state, within bis Majesty’s seas, (which ex- 
tend to Cape Finisterre) it is expected that 
the said foreign ships do strike their top- 
sail, and take in their flag, in acknowiedg- 
nieut of his Majesty’s sovereignty in those 
seas : and if any shall refuse, or offer to 
resist, it is enjoined to all flag-officers and 
commanders to use tlieir utmost endeavours 
to compel them thereto, and not suffer any 
dishonour to be done to his Majesty. And 
if any of his Majesty’s subjects shall so much 
forget their duty, as to omit striking their 
top-sail in passing by his Majesty’s sftips, 
the name of the sltip and master, and from 
whence, and whither bound, together with 
affidavits of the facts, are to be sent up to 
the Secretary of the Admiralty, in order 
TO their being proceeded against in the 
Admiralty Court. And it is to be ob- 
served, that in his Majesty’s seas, his Ma- 
jesty’s ships are in nowise to strike to 
any ; and that in no other parts, no ship 
of his Majesty is to strike her flag or top- 
sail to any foreigner, unless such foreign 
ship shall have first struck, or at the same 
time, strike her flag or top sail to bis Majes- 
ty’s ship. The flag-officers and commanders 
of his Majesty’s ships are to be careful to 
maintain his Majesty’s honour upon all oc- 
casions, giving protection to his subjects, and 
endeavouring, wdiat in them lies, to secure 
and encourage them in their lawful com- 
merce ; and they are not to injure, in any 
manner, the subjects of his Majesty’s friends 
and- allies.” 
SAMARA, in botanj’’, a genus of the 
Tetrandria Monogynia class and order. 
Natural order of Rhamni, Jussieu. Es- 
sential character : calyx four-parted ; co- 
rolla four-petallod ; stamina immersed in 
the base of the petal j drupe oiie-seeded. 
Tiiere are four species. 
S.ABTBUCUS, in botany, elder, a genus 
of the Pentandria Trigynia class and order. 
Naturfd order of Duniosie. Caprifolia, Jus- 
sieu. Essential character : calyx five part- 
ed ; corolla five-cleft ; berry three-seeded» 
Tliere are five species. 
.SiAMIELS, the Arabian name for a hot 
SAN 
suftbeating wind peculiar to the desert of 
Arabia. It blows over the deserts in the 
months of July and August from the north- 
west, and sometimes it continues its pro- 
gress to (he very gates of Bagdad, but it is 
said never to affect any person within the 
walls. It often passes with the quickness 
ot lightning : and there is no way of avoid- 
ing the dire effects but by falling on the 
ground, and keeping the face close to the 
earth. Those who are riegligent of this 
caution experience instant death. 
SAMOLUS, in botany, a genus of the 
Pentandria Monogynia class and order. 
Natural order .of Precice. I/ysimachiae, 
Jussieu. Essential character : corolla sal- 
ver-sliapcd ; stamina fenced by the scalelets 
of the corolla ; capsule oiie ceiled, inferior. 
There is but one species ; viz. S. valerandi, 
brookweed or water pimpernel ; this plant 
is an inhabitant of every quarter of the 
globe, in marshes, wet meadows, and 
ditches ; Mr. Mifler considers it as an 
annual; Linnatus marks it as biennial j 
and otliers as perennial. 
SAM YD A, in botany, a genus of the 
Decandria Monogynia class and order. Es- 
sential character : calyx five-parted, co- 
loured ; corolla none ; nest bell-shaped, sta- 
miniferous ; capsules berried within, four- 
valved, one celled; seeds nestling. There 
are nine species, 
SAND, in natural history, a genus of 
fossils, the characters of which are, that 
they are found in minute concretions ; form- 
ing together a kind of powder, the genuine 
particles of which are all of a tendency to 
one determinate shape, and appear regular, 
though more or less complete concretions ; 
not to be dissolved or disunited by water, 
or formed into a coherent mass by means 
ol it, but retaining their figure in it ; trans- 
parent, vitrifiable by extreme beat, and not 
dissoluble in, nor effervescing with, acids. 
See Sand-stone. 
Sand is of great nse in the glass manufac- 
ture ; the white writing sand being employed 
for making of the white glass, and a coarse 
greenish-looking sand for the green glass. 
In agriculture it seems to be the office of 
sands to make unctuous earths fertile, and 
fit to support vegetables, &c. For earth 
alone, we find, is liable to coalesce, and ga- 
ther into a hard coherent mass, as appears 
in clay ; and being thus embodied, and as 
it were glued together, is no way disposed 
to nourish vegetables. 
Common sand is a very good addition, 
by way of manure, to all sorts of clay-lands ; 
it warms tlieni, and makes them more open 
