SAL 
Sah.ing also denotes a particular me- 
iliod of navigation ; in wliich sense we say, 
Mercator’s sailing, plane sailing, parallel 
sailing, middle latitude sailing, and great 
circle sailing. 
Sailing, ffreat circle, in navigation, the 
art of finding what places a ship must go 
through, and what courses to steer ; so that 
her tract shall be in the arch of a great cir- 
cle, or nearly so, passing through the place 
sailed from and that bound to. It is chiefly 
on account of the shortest distance, that 
this method of sailing has been proposed ; 
for in the sphere, it is well known that the 
shortest distance between two places is the 
arch of a great circle intercepted between 
them, and not in the rhumb or spiral pass- 
ing through those places. 
As, in Mercator’s sailing, the several 
cases are solved by plane triangles ; so 
the solution of the cases of great circle-sail- 
ing is obtained by means of spherical trian- 
gles : and, therefore, the navigator should 
be master of spherical trigonometry, before 
he attempts this method. See Trigono- 
metry. 
SAILORS, the principal seamen who 
are employed jn working or managing the 
sails, the tackle, steering, &c. 
SAL ammoniac, natural, in mineralogy, 
a species of the fossil salts, is of a greyish 
white colour, passing to yellow. It is flaky, 
and of a saline consistence. It occurs mas- 
sive, and likewise crystallized : the crystals 
are small and adhere or intersect one ano- 
tlier ; externally shining, internally sjilen- 
dent or shining, and lustre vitreous. The 
substance is composed of 
Muriate of ammonia ... 97..50 
Sulphate of ammonia .. 2.50 
100.00 
When placed on burning coals it emits a 
peculiar odour, and is volatilized in the 
form of white smoke; when burned or 
rubbed with lime, it emits an ammoniacal 
smell. It is said to be the product of vol- 
canoes, and pseudo-volcanoes, where it oc- 
curs in difterent forms ; it is also found in 
the waters of different lakes in Tuscany ; 
it is found at Vesuvius, Etna, and the Li- 
pari Aiolian islands ; in France ; at Mount 
Hecla, in Iceland ; and in the vicinity of 
inflamed beds of coal in Scotland and Eng- 
land. It is also found in divers parts of 
Asia, and in the Isle of Bourbon. 
SALACIA, in botany, a genus of the 
Gynandrip Triandria class and order, Es- 
SAL 
sential character : monogynmis, or one* 
styled ; calyx five-parted ; corolla five-pe- 
talled ; anthers placed on the apex of the 
germ. There are two species, viz, S. chi- 
nensis, and S. cochinchinensis. 
SALE of goods. If a man agrees for the 
purchase of goods, he shall pay for them, 
before he carries them away, unless some 
term of credit is expressly agreed upon. 
If a man upon the sale of goods, war- 
rants them to be good, the law annexes to 
this contract a tacit warranty, that if they 
be not so, he shall make compensation to 
the purchaser ; such warranty, however, 
must be on the sale. But if the vender 
knew the goods to be unsound, and ha.s 
used any art to disguise them, or if in any 
respect, they differ from what he repre- 
sents them to be to the purchaser, he will be 
answerable for their goodness, though no 
general warranty will extend to those de- 
fects that are obvious to the senses. 
If two persons come to a warehouse, and 
one buys, and the other to procure him 
credit, promises the seller, “ if he do not pay 
you,,! will;” this is a collateral undertaking, 
and void without writing, by the statutes of 
frauds; but if he say, let him have the 
goods, I will be your paymaster, this is au 
absolute undertaking as for himself, and he 
shall be intended to be the real buyer, and 
the other to act only as his servant. The 
question in these cases is always which 
party was originally trusted. For if the 
party to whom the goods are delivered was 
ever considered as responsible, the engage- 
ment of the other is void, unless it is in 
writing ; after earnest is given, the vender 
cannot sell the goods to another without a 
default in the vender, and therefore, if the 
vendee does not come and pay, and take 
the goods, the vender ought to give him 
notice for that purpose; and then if he 
does not come and pay, and take away the 
goods in convenient time, the agreement is 
di^olved, and he is at liberty to sell them 
to any other pe.rsou. 
SALEP, or Salop. See Sago. 
SALIANT, in fortification, denotes pro- 
jecting. There are two kinds of angles, 
the one saliant, which are those that pre- 
sent their point outwards ; the other re- 
entering, which have their points inwards. 
Instances of both khids we have in tenaillcs 
and star-works. 
Saliant, Salient, or Saillant, in 
heraldry, is applied to a lion, or other beast, 
when its fore-legs are raised in a leaping 
posture. A lion salient is that which is 
