SHIP BUILDING. 
feet radius as it approaches the fore end of 
the keel. Therefore let the keel be com- 
pleted : its upper edge here is represented 
by the upper edge of tlie rabbit : but this is 
' not the case in all ships ; for East India 
ships have the rabbit in the middle of the 
keel as well as in the middle of the stem ; 
but observe, all heights are set up above 
the line representing the upper edge of the 
rabbit, whether in the middle of the keel or 
upper edge. Set down 18 inches from the 
upper edge of the keel, and draw a straight 
line parallel thereto, which represents the 
under edge of the main keel ; then below 
that set down b inches, and drawing ano- 
ther parallel line, the false keel will be like- 
wise represented. To limit the foremost 
end of the keel, square up a line as shall in- 
tersect the fore-side of the stem, leaving as 
ranch of the keel below the stem as it is 
deep in midships, at least from thence 
square a line across the stem, and it will 
limit the fore-foot ; and the keel must there 
be that depth at least to receive the lower 
part of the stem, which boxes into it with a 
scarph, as follow : set otf from the fore end 
of the keel 6 feet 6 inches, the length the 
stem scaiphs into the keel; and that the 
stem, by keeping its moulded breadth, 
should not wound the keel too much at its 
lower edge, let the under side of the stem 
be cut off parallel with the under side of the 
keel two feet from its after end. The false 
keel may project the main keel about three 
inches, to which the lower part of the gripe 
will unite, and be limited by the fore-foot.' 
The scale which is drawn between the 
keel and half breadth plan we shall here de- 
scribe, and very briefly, as most draughts- 
men are acquainted with scales of this kind. 
Shipping draughts, in general, are drawn by 
a scale of one-fourth of an inch to every 
foot, in the length on the gun-deck, or be- 
tween the perpendiculars ; and the inches, at 
each end, divided into twelve parts, by 
seven lines drawn parallel to each other be- 
tween the under side of the keel and the 
main half-breadth, and one foot, or division, 
at each end, beyond the perpendiculars, arc 
divided each way in the middle by two' dia- 
gonal lines, which produce 12 equal parts, 
or inches. Sometimes this scale is con- 
structed with five lines, and the foot at each 
end divided into inches by three equal dia- 
gonal divisions, the thick, dark line, repre- 
senting the under side of the keel, is generally 
continued round the scale by way of orna- 
ment. 
Now, to proceed to finish the stem, quar- 
ter-galleries, &c. : first draw in tiie aft side of 
the quarter-piece at the outside’, yvhich you 
will find by the rounding of the stern, to 
come 13 inches before the upper counter 
knuckle of the side stern timber, setting it 
off as before directed; then draw a line 
with pencil, for the present, parallel to the 
side stern timber upwards, as the projection 
of the outside of the quarter gallery is nearly 
parallel to the side, except towards the up- 
per part of the quarter-piece. Then draw 
the projection of the upper counter rail at 
the knuckle of the middle stern timber, 
thus : draw a line, 2^ inches parallel, abaft 
the upper counter at the middle, which will 
represent the thickness of the plank of the 
upper counter ; then draw the under side 
of the rail, square from the upper counter, 
and to project enough to bury the plank in 
a rabbit; from thence set up 8 inches, the 
breadth of the rail, and to intersect it set 
otf 7 inches, its thickness, drawing the up- 
per side to the sheer ; then from this pro- 
jection draw lines parallel to the knuckles, 
till they intersect the line drawn for the 
aftside of the qharter piece ; thus the round 
up of the aftside of the upper counter rail 
will be represented in the sheer plan. From 
the intersection of the upper side of the 
upper counter rail with the aft side of the 
quarter-piece draw a straight line forwards, 
parallel with the sheer, or top-timber line, 
and that will represent the upper edge of 
the lower gallery rim; upon that line set 
off before the quarter piece 16 feet 9 inches, 
the length of it on the side, then the under- 
side of the rim will be shown by a line 
drawn parallel to 8 inches below it. 
In the same manner draw a section of 
the lower counter rail, its under side to be 
square from the knuckle of the lower coun- 
ter at the middle stern timber, and to pro- 
ject enough to bury the plank of the lower 
counter, the thickness of which will be re- 
presented by drawing a line to 4 inches pa- 
rallel, abaft the lower counter, at the mid- 
dle ; from thence set up the breadth of it, 
which is 8' inches, and thereto project 8 
inches, its thickness; from thence draw 
lines parallel to the knuckles of the lower 
counter to the counter at the side, drawn 
parallel, what tlie quarter piece projects, or 
as mucli as the lower counter rail rounds 
forward at the outside ; then draw a line 
2 feet 10 inches below, and parallel to the 
upper side of the lower gallery rim, and 
another likewise inches below it, and that 
will show the lower counter rail, as continu- 
ed round the quarters, called the lower stool 
