SHORT-HAND. 
This exj)edient is requisite in writing the 
words idler, butler, miller, &c. 
6. No letters are to be doubled in short- 
hand, unless some vowel comes between 
them. 
7. When there are various ways of join- 
ing the same letters together, which, in the 
present highly improved system of short- 
hand, is not unfrequently the case, the 
learner should accustom himself to that 
which is the best, or most lineal, preserving 
as much as possible the full proportion and 
compact form of every letter. 
It is to be observed, as another advan- 
tage peculiar to this system, that here the 
strictest adherence to the common rules of 
punctuation may be observed. The period, 
or full stop, which is supplied by a very 
small circle, o being the only exception. 
The characters denoting the prepositions 
and terminations being derived from the 
alphabet, are easily retained in the memory, 
and are of very extensive use to the brevity 
and legibility of short hand. Their respec- 
tive powers and uses are distinctly delineat- 
ed in the plate. It is sufficient to remark, 
that in writing them, they ought always to be 
formed rather smaller than the rest of the let- 
ters, and should be placed sufficiently near 
the radical part of the word of which they 
constitute a part, that they may not be 
mistaken for separate and distinct words. 
Double prepositional characters Joined to- 
gether, as compre-, misundei'-, &c. 
The plural of nouns, ending in s, ought to 
have their terminative letter written rather 
smaller than the otlier letters. A very little 
practice will accustom the writer to this 
method of denoting such plural nouns. 
When the learner has acquired a perfect 
knowledge of so much of the art as we have 
already laid down, he may proceed to make 
himself acquainted with the following 
Rules of Abbreviation ; by which he 
will be enabled to follow the most rapid 
speaker, and will soon become an expert 
stenographer. 
1. The auxiliary Verbs, the participle 
-not, and the pronouns, being severally de- 
noted by their first consonant, may be 
joined to one another ; as , can be, 
, will be, , have not been. 
2. Join the marks or letters in an un- 
usual manner, in order to show that each 
particular mark denotes a word, and not 
A single letter ; as, by joining the letter » 
to the middle instead of tke top of the letter 
t, the whole character , will represent: 
the words in the; so, also, the letter s,; 
joined to the letter t, and drawn from the 
middle of the preceding consonant, thus 
l~ , will denote the two words it is, or 
1 ,it teas. This nde is veiy comprehen- 
sive. The writer will apply it as he finds 
it necessary or convenient so to do. 
3. Derivative nouns, adjectives, and ad- 
verbs, may be very conveniently expressed 
by points, ditfereutly placed, at the end of 
their last consonant. The substantive point 
being placed immediately following the con- 
sonant, and in a direct line with it ; the ad- 
jective to have its point placed also a little 
lower down to the left of the substantive 
point ; and the adverb point to he placed,; 
in the same manner, to the right of tlie sub- 
stantive point; as , , forgetfulness;S^ , 
forgetful ; VH. , forg£tfulliJ. 
4. Very common words, or such as have 
an immediate relation to the subject, and 
are therefore easily discoverable, may be 
denoted by their first consonant, or first 
vowel and consonant, witli the substantive, 
adjective, or adverb point annexed. The 
adjectives, Which usually accompany such 
substantives, may also be denoted by' their 
first consonant, joined to the substantive ; 
as, ■L. , humble servant ; , human na- 
ture ; , Christian religion, &c. 
5. Place a dot at the point of concur- 
rence of two consonant marks, to denote 
two substantives connected togetlier by 
some preposition, which is omitted; as, 
iS^ , love of God, or light of the gospel ; 
, cause of gravity, &c. Also when an 
adjective precedes either of the substan- 
tives, they may ail three be represented by 
their first consonants joined together, with 
the dot placed at the end of the first sub- 
stantive ; as the , great goodness of 
God. 
6. The substantive point, placed before 
a single consonant mark, denotes that the 
substantive is to be repeated, with some inter- 
vening preposition ; as, ^ , day after day ; 
I , from time to time, &c. 
7. Place the substantive, adjective, or 
adverb point before two or more consonant 
marks, to denote two or more substantives, 
adjectives or adverbs connected by a coa- 
