SHO 
■of sliort-liand may be applied to all the pur- 
poses for which this invaluable art is in- 
tended, with as little labour in tlie acqui- 
sition, and with less ambiguity in decy- 
phering, than attends the learning of any 
other system of stenography hitherto made 
public, 
Having availed ourselves of the improve- 
ments made by Mr. Molineux on this mode 
of short-writing, first invented by Mr. By- 
rom, and recommending the learner for 
further instructions to Mr. Molineux’s trea- 
tise, we think it only necessary, in order to 
give the learner a still more adequate know- 
ledge of this system of short-hand, to lay 
before him the following 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR A YOUNG STE- 
NOGRAPHER. 
1. Short-hand is one of the perpendicular 
hands, and that your writing may have a 
vertical appearance, always place yourself 
exactly parallel with your paper. 
2. Make all your strokes of an equal 
thickness ; and endeavour to be as correct 
as possible in the formation of the Short- 
hand characters ; because any material de- 
viation, either in their shape, or in the posi- 
tion of the stroke, may express a different 
letter, or produce illegibility. 
3. Let the looped or twirled letters have 
their loops made as circular as is consistent 
with beauty and ease of joining. 
4. Make the horizontal characters which 
denote the letters m and n, with their deri- 
vatives, ch and g, nearly semicircular ; but 
the rest of the curvilineal letters, which are 
either vertical or oblique, are always less 
curved, except when they are made only 
half size. 
5. Spell in the shortest, but neatest and 
most compact manner possible. 
6. Use no more vowels than are neces- 
sary ; yet never leave out any that are dis- 
tinctly sounded, 
T. Observe lineality and beauty at all 
times, and occasionally lift your pen, rather 
than fall below or rise above the space al- 
lotted for the Short-hand characters. 
8. Use no arbitrary marks at all; but let 
every abbreviation be formed upon rational 
and scientific principles. * 
9. Never use the common stops or points 
for any but their own proper and legitimate 
purpose, 
10. Never affect too much brevity ; com- 
mon Short hand is short enough for all com- 
mon purposes. 
11. Make no fanciful innovations in the 
SHO 
art : but let all your improvements be 
founded on the rational principles laid 
down by the ingenious Inventor. 
12. If you write Byrom’s Short-hand, 
your writing will be easily read by all who 
practise the same system. Let all rational 
Stenographers observe uniformity, and the 
Art will soon become generally useful. 
13. Write not too close; and never suf- 
fer your characters to have a we*k, diminu- 
tive appearance. Let your whole practice 
be bold and dignified; agreeably to the 
genius of the system you have adopted. 
14. Do not make a secret of the Art : it 
is worthy of being universally known and 
practised. 
SHORT sightedness, in medicine. See' 
Myopia. 
SHOT, a denomination given to all sorts 
of balls for fire arms ; those for cannon 
being of iron, and those for guns, pistols, &c. 
of lead. 
“ To find the weight of an iron shot” 
whose diameter is given ; and the contrary. 
Rule. Double the cube of the diameter in 
inches, and multiply it by 7 ; so will the 
product (rejecting the two last or right 
hand figures) be the weight in pounds. Ex, 
What is the 'weight of an iron shot ef 7 
inches diameter. The cube of 7 is 343, 
which doubled is 686, and this multiplied 
by 7 produces 4802, which, with the right- 
hand figures rejected, gives 48 pounds, the 
weight requii-ed. 
“ To find the diameter of the shot,” 
when the weight is given. Rule. Multiply 
the cube root of the weight in pounds by 
1.923, and the product is the diameter in 
inches. Ex. What is the diameter of an iron 
shot of 52 pounds ? The cube root of 52 is 
3.732, which multiplied by 1.923 gives 7.177 
inches, the diameter required. 
Rule by Logarithms. 
To one-third of the logarithm 
of52 , Ti 0.572001 
Add the constant logarithm.... 0.283979 
And the sum is the logarithm 
of the diameter 7.177 0.855980 
“ To find the diameter of a shot,” from 
the impression or cavity it makes by striking 
a brass gun, or other object. Rule. Divide 
the square of the radius of the cavity by the 
depth of it, and add the quotient to the 
depth, the sum will be the diameter of the 
shot required. 
Shot, common, small, or that used for 
fowling, should be well sized : for, should i,t 
be too great, then it flies thin and scatters 
