SUB 
ties be a and b, the duplicate ratio is «* ; 6* j 
but the subduplicate ratio is s/ a: -/b. 
SUBER, or'SuBERic acid, in chemistry. 
The vegetable substance denoted by the 
name of suber is the epidermis, or outer co- 
vering of trees. This substance is analo- 
gous to common cork, which is the epider- 
mis of the querciis suber, from which the 
name of this peculiar vegetable substance 
is derived. It is a light, soft, elastic sub- 
stance, is insoluble in water, but readily ab- 
sorbs tliis liquid. Common cork is the 
same substance, having greater density, and 
accumulated in greater quantity. This mat- 
ter is very combustible, and burns with a 
white, vivid flame, leaving behind a very 
black, light, voluminous, coaly matter. 
When this matter is distilled, it yields am- 
monia. AVhen cork is treated with nitric 
acid, carbonic acid gas and nitrous gas, are 
evolved. The cork is decomposed, and 
converted, partly into a yellow, soft, unc- 
tuous matter, which swims on the surface, 
and partly into suberic acid ; the nature 
and properties of which have been already 
described. See Cork, where will be found 
qn account of the Suberic acid, Suber- 
ivTES, &C. 
SUBLIMATION, in chemistry, a pro- 
cess by which certain volatile substances 
are raised by heat, and again condensed by 
cold into a solid form. Thus sulphur, ex- 
posed to heat in close vessels, is volatilized 
or sublimed in the form of very white pow- 
der, known by the name of “ flowers of sul- 
phur.” The formation of soot in our chim- 
neys is another instance of sublimation. 
Benzoin, sublimated, gives flowers of ben- 
zoin, a very beautiful substance, which is 
now more properly called benzoic acid. 
Sublimation may be performed, in many 
cases, with common flasks; thus if a small 
quantity of sal ammoniac is put into a flask, 
and heat applied to it, the entire salt ri.ses 
in the form of white smoke, and condenses 
in the upper part of the flask, in the form 
of minute crystalline particles, which is a 
sublimate. 
SUBLIME, in discourse, is defined by 
Boilc-au, to be sometliing extraordinary and 
surprising, which strikes the soul, and makes 
a sentiment or composition ravish and tran- 
sport. 
Lonsinus makes five sources of the sub- 
lime: the first a certain elevation of the 
mind, which makes ns think happily: the 
second is the pathetic, or that natural vehe- 
mence and enthusiasm which strikes and 
SUB 
moves us ; these two are wholly owing to 
nature, and must be born with us ; whereas 
the rest depend partly on art : the third is 
the turning of figures in a certain manner, 
both those of thoughts and of speech: the 
fourth, nobleness of expression ; which con- 
sists of two parts, the choice of words, and 
the elegant figurative diction : the fifth, 
which includes, all the rest, is the composi- 
tion and arrangement of the words in all 
their magnificence and dignity. 
SUBMULTIPLE, in geometry, &c. A 
submuitiple number, or quantity, is that 
which is contained a certain number of 
times in another, and which therefore, re- 
peated a certain number of times, becomes 
exactly equal thereto : thus 3 is a submul- 
tiple of 21 ; in which sense submultiple 
coincides with an aliquot part. 
SuBMULTiPUE ratio, is that between the 
quantity contained and the quantity con- 
taining: thus the ratio of 3 to 21 is submul- 
tiple. In both cases submultiple is the re- 
verse of multiple, 21, e. g. being a multiple 
of 3, and fl'e ratio of ,21 to 3 a multiple 
ratio. 
SUBNORMAL, in geometry, a line 
w’hich determines the point in the axis of a 
curve, where a normal, or perpendicular, 
raised from the point of contact of a tan- 
gent to the curve, cuts the axis. Or the 
subnormal is a line which determihes the 
point wherein the axis is cut by a line fall- 
ing perpendicularly on the tangent in the 
point of the contact : 
SUBPOENA, is a writ whereby all per- 
sons under the degree of peers are called 
into Chancery, in such case oidy where the 
common law fails, and has made no provi- 
sion ; so as the party who in equity hath 
wrong, can have no other remedy by the 
rules and course of common law. It is, 
therefore, the commencement of a suit in 
equity. But the peers of the realm in such 
cases are called by the Lord Chancellor’s or , 
Lord Keeper's letters, giving notice of the 
suit intended against them, and requiring 
them to appear. There is also a subpoena 
ad testificandum, or a subpoena to give evi- 
dence for the summoning of witnesses, as 
well in Chancery as other courts. There 
is also a subpoena in the Exchequer, as well 
in the court of equity there, as in the of- 
fice of pleas ; which latter is a writ that 
does not require personal service, and is 
the commencement of a suit at common 
law there. 
SUBSTANTIVE, in grammar, a noun, 
or name, considered simply and in itself, 
