< SUF 
tiguows to it, follows it by a kind of attrac- 
tion, as if the air and water hung together; 
and others fancy, that the air moves into 
the moutli of the sucker, and the water 
moves up after the air, to prevent a vacuum, 
which, they say, nature abhors : whereas 
the true cause ot this plienomenon is only, 
that the air or atmosphere presses, with 
its whole weight, uniformly on the surface 
of the liquor in the vessel; and, conse- 
quently, prevents any one part of the water 
to rise higher than the other there : and if a 
pipe be put in, of any tolerable large bore, 
and be open at both ends, the water will 
rise within the pipe to the same height as 
without, and, indeed, a little higher, be- 
cause the pressure of the air within the 
pipe is a little taken off by bearing against 
the sides of the pipe. Now when any one 
applies his mouth to the upper end of the 
pipe, and sucks, his lips so strongly inclose 
the pipe, that no air can get between 
them and it ; and, by the voluntary motion 
of the muscles, the cavity of his thorax, 
or breast, is opened and enlarged; by 
which means the air, included there, hath 
now a much larger space to dilate itself in, 
and, consequently, cannot press so strongly 
against the upper end of the pipe, as it did 
before the cavity of the thorax was so en- 
larged, and when the weight of the whole 
atmosphere kept its spring bent. And 
that weight or pressure being now taken off 
by the lips of the man that sucks, the equi- 
librium is destroyed, the air gravitates on 
the surface of the water, but cannot do so 
on the upper orifice of the pipe, because 
the juncture of the lips takes it off; and 
the spring of the air included in the thorax, 
' being weakened by the dilatation of its ca- 
vity, it cannot press so hard against the up- 
per orifice of the pipe, as the water will do 
against the lower, and, consequently, the 
water must be forced up into the pipe. It 
is much thq same thing in the suction of a 
common pump: the sucker being tight, 
takes off entirely the pressure of the atmos- - 
phere on the surface of the water within 
the bai rel of the pump ; and, consequently, 
the atmosphere, by its weight, must force 
the water up to, make the equilibrium. 
SUFFERANCE, in law. Tenant at suf- 
ferance is he who holdeth over his term at 
first lawfully granted. A person is tenant 
at sufferance who continues after his estate 
is ended, and wrongfully holds against an- 
other. Tenants holding over, after deter- 
mination of their term, and after demand 
made in writing to deliver possession, are 
SUG 
rendered liable to pay double the yearly 
value. And tenants giving notice of their 
intention to quit, and not accordingly de- 
livering up the possession at the time in such 
notice contained, are rendered liable to 
pay double rent. And it has been held, 
that under this latter act the notice need 
not be in writing, and that the landlord 
may levy his double rent by distress. 
SUFFRAGAN, a titular bishop, ap- 
pointed to aid and assist the bishop of the 
diocese. 
SUGAR exists in every part of plants. 
It is found in the roots, as those of the car- 
rot and beet root ; in the stems, as in the 
birch, the maple, some palms, and espe- 
cially the sugar cane ; in the leaves, as those 
of the ash ; in the flowers, the fruits, and 
seeds. But the sugar, which now forms a 
very extensive article of commerce, and 
may be considered as a necessary of life, 
is entirely obtained from the juice of the 
sugar cane, which is chiefly cultivated in 
tlie East and West Indies, by planting cut- 
tings of it in the ground in furrows, dug pa- 
rallel for that purpose ; the cuttings are 
laid level and even, and are covered up with 
earth ; they soon shoot out new plants from 
their knots or joints ; the ground is to be 
kept clear, at times, fi-om weeds, and the 
canes grow quick. When the plants have 
arrived at their full growth, which, in the 
West Indies, is in the course of twelve or 
fourteen months, they are cut down and 
bruised by means of machinery. 
The sugar-mill is composed of three rollers 
of an equal size, and all armed with iron 
plates, where the canes are to pass between 
them ; only the middle roller is much higher 
tliaii the rest, to give the larger sweep to 
the two poles to which the horses are yoked. 
This great roller in the middle is furnished 
with a cog full of teeth, which catch the 
notches in the two side rollers, and force 
them about to bruise the canes, which pass 
■quite round the great roller, and come out 
dry and squeezed from all their juice, which 
runs into a vessel or back under the mill, 
and is thence conveyed through a narrow 
spout into the fiist boiler. 
Sugar mills are, however, differently con- 
structed, but in Plate Sugar Mill are the 
plan and elevation of one made by Mr. Tho- 
mas Rowntree, Blackfriar’s Roa', South- ' 
wark, and sent by him to the West Indies. 
A B and D E (fig. 1 and 2) are four 
ground silB, crossing and halved into each 
other; on the points of intersection four up- 
rights are framed F F F F, these are con- 
