SUGAR. 
nected at top by cross pieces a a 6 6 ; e (in 
fig. 2.) is another similar framing between 
the uprights. 
Three blocks of wood are fixed crosswise 
between the beams e e, and similar ones 
across between the upper ones a a, to sup- 
port the bearings for the three rollers /g h ; 
these rollers are made of cast iron, and 
turned in the lathe ; they have cog wheels 
at their upper ends, that they may all turn 
together ; the axis of the middle roller, g, is 
much longer than the two others, and at the 
upper end is square ; a strong wooden cross 
plate, with iron, i k, is fitted on it ; some 
distance above this, it has a square piece of 
iron, n, fixed on its spindle; the long levers, 
m m, by which it is turned, are bolted at 
their ends to the piece of iron n, and to the 
ends of the wooden cross i k ; the harness 
of two mules is made fast to the end of each 
lever by hooking their traces into the rings 
at the end of the levers. In this manner 
the middle roller is turned round, and, by 
the cogs, the other two by the side of it. 
The pivots of the rollers are cylindrical, 
and each turns between six friction rollers, 
which traverse in a frame made fast to the 
cross beams, between a a and e e ; the out- 
side of two of these beams slide in rebates 
cut in the beams a a and e e, and can be 
moved up towards the middle roller by 
wedges, tttt-, tire weight of each roller is 
supported on three friction wheels below 
its lower pivot. The constrution of a set 
of these friction wheels is shown in figs. 3 
and 4. Fig. 4 is an elevation, and fig. 3 a 
plan : a (fig. 4) is the end of the pivot, be- 
low this it is turned smaller, nearly to the 
size of the small circle in fig. 3,* so as to . 
leave a square shoulder ; 6 is a circular 
brass plate, fitted upon the small part of 
the pivot, and resting against the shoulder ; 
d is another similar plate, supported by a 
block of wood, seen in fig. 2, laying on the 
ground sills D E (fig. 2) ; the small part 
of the pivot comes down beyond the plate, b, 
and enters a hole through a thick iron ring 
e, (fig 3) ; this ring has the three arms pro- 
jecting from it, which serve as pivots to the 
three friction rollers Imn; it is upon these 
rollers the upper plate, b, and the weight of 
the great roller, rests ; as the pivot, a, and 
the upper plate, b, turn round, the three 
rollers roll round upon the under plate d ; 
the iron ring, c, has no share in holding the 
weight, its use is only to keep the three 
rollers in their places, and in the same 
manner the small part of the pivot keeps 
the ring in its place. 
A wooden trough is laid upon the beams, e e 
at w, to receive the Juice expressed from the 
canes by the rollers ; the holes in the bottom 
of this trough, through which the pivots of 
the rollers pass, have their orifices above 
the surface of the liquor in the trough, so 
that it cannot get down to the friction 
rollers. A small trough leads from the 
trough at w, and conveys away the liquor, 
(going under the mule walk), to the boiling 
house. 
The operation of the machine is exceed- 
ingly simple : a person presents the ends of 
the canes to the rollers,/g, by their motion 
the canes are drawn in between them ; an- 
other person behind bends the ends of the 
canes as they come through, that they may 
pass between the other two, g k, and thus 
come out again in the front of the machine, 
squeezed dry from the juice they before 
contained. The juice which is collected is 
conveyed to iron boilers, where it is boiled, 
with the addition of a small quantity of 
quick-lime, and the impurities which rise to 
the surface are scummed off. The boiling 
is continued till it acquires the consistence 
of syrup, after which it is put into shallow 
vessels, where it is allowed to cool and gra- 
nulate. In general it is afterwards put into 
hogsheads, in which it is imported to Eu- 
rope, the bottoms of which are perforated, 
that the molasses, with which the sugar is 
mixed may be allowed to drain oflT. Some- 
times it is put into conical earthen vessels, 
open at both ends, the base of which is co- 
vered with moist clay, so that the water 
filters through the sugar, and carries with 
it a greater quantity of the molasses and 
other impurities. The sugar thus treated is 
called clayed sugar. It is not different 
from the former, but in being somewhat 
purer. The addition of quick-lime in the 
boiling is supposed to take up some vegeta- 
ble acids which prevent the granulation of 
the sugar. In this state the sugar is known 
in commerce by the name of raw or Mus- 
covado sugar. It is still further purified by 
dissolving it in water, and boiling, when the 
impurities, which rise to the surface, are 
again removed ; a quantity of lime is also 
added, and it is clarified with blood. When 
boiled down to a proper consistency, it is 
put into unglazed earthen vessels of a co- 
nical shape, and inverted, to allow the wa- 
ter from the moist clay, with which tiie 
base of the cone is covered, to pass through 
the sugar, and carry off its impurities. 
According to the number of processes to 
which it has been subjected, it is called sin- 
T 2 
