SURGERY. 
particular surgical subjects, or the disorders 
and iajiiries of each particular part, and 
the operations practised on it. As the 
limits between surgery and medicine are ra- 
ther artificial than real, these two branches 
of medical science touch each other in va- 
rious points, and the physician and surgeon 
both claim a right to undertake the manage- 
ment of the same disorder. Hence the af- 
ticle Medicine of tiiis work contains re- 
marks on several diseases which are often 
treated by the surgeon ; and we refer the 
reader to that article on the following points, 
fia. fever, tetanus, rachitis, scrofula, amau- 
rosis, albugo, deafness, enuresis, ischuria, 
herpes, tinea, and psora. 
GENERAL SORGICAL SUBJECTS.. 
Sympathetic Fever. No part of the ani- 
mal body can be very considerably disor- 
dered, without occasioning a correspondent 
derangement of the whole constitution. 
Such disorder has been considered by Mr. 
Hunter as the result of universal sympathy. 
This consent of the whole constitution 
with its parts, manifests itself, in particu- 
lar instances, by a greater disturbance of 
the functions of some organs than of others, 
and from this circumstance these diseases 
have derived the appellations, by which 
they are commonly distinguished. If the 
actions of the sanguiferous system be prin- 
cipally disturbed, and the temperature of 
the body subject to unnatural variations, 
the disease is termed fever ; if the nervous 
system be chiefly atfected, a stat? of vi- 
gilance or delirium may be produced ; con- 
vulsions and tetanus take place when the 
muscular system is more particularly dis- 
ordered. Though. the especial disorder of 
particular organs thus gives a character and 
denomination to the disease, it is sutliciently 
evident, in every instance, that the whole 
constitution is disturbed. , 
The fever, which accompanies local acci- 
dent or disease has been termed symptoma- 
tic, as if it were one of the symptoms of the 
local disorder ; the epithet sympathetic is 
preferable, as it is founded on the real ila- 
tiire of the disorder, viz. a sympathy of the 
whole constitution for the disturbed state of 
a part. 
The sympathetic inflammatory fever is 
accompanied with a frequent strong and 
full pulse, hot and dry .skin, scanty and high 
coloured urine, dry furred tongue, thirst,, 
loss of appetite and sleep ; in some cases 
dgliritiui, 
When the local affection is in such parts 
as are essential to life, the powers tf the 
constitution seem to be much depressed ) 
and the pjalse is frequent and small. 
Treatment. The cute of the local inflam- 
mation, which excites and keeps up tliis 
sympathetic disturbance of the whole con- 
stitution, is the most effectual step for 
stopping tiie general disorder. But as the 
fever may react on the local disorder, pal- 
liative means may be necessary for the con- 
stitutional symptoms. Bleeding, saline 
purgatives, and diaphoretics, as the prepa- 
rations of antimony, and the aqua anmiouim 
acetata-, are the best means. The use of 
tlie lancet is only advisable where the local 
mischief is to be feared on account of its si - 
tuation or extent. 
The sympathetic fever, just described, is 
produced by the irritation of a local injury 
upon a healthy constitution ; when liowever 
the disease has continued unsubdued for a 
long time, the constitution still sympathises, 
altliough in a different manner ; and tlie 
disorder then produced is called the sym- 
pathetic hectic fever. This form of consti- 
tutional sympathy attends such local affec- 
tions as debilitate and harass the frame; 
-and it is the reactive effort of an irritated 
and weakened constitulfon. The symptoms 
are a frequent small pulse, moist skin, pale 
and copious urine, great weakness, moist 
tongue, deficient appetite, often sickness, 
nocturnal sweats, loss of sleep, indiges- 
tionr&c. 
Treatment. The alleviation or removal of 
the local complaint is the most effectual re- 
medy. When this cannot be accomplished 
we must try to strengthen the patient ; and 
if there were a medicine possessing the direct 
power of communicating strength to the con- 
stitution, these cases would be very proper 
for its employment. Particular symptoms 
may be combated, so as to keep all the func- 
tions in a state approaching as nearly as W'e 
can to tliat of health, and digestion promoted. 
Bark, with gentle cordial and aromatic 
draughts, are the most proper medicines. 
The food should be light and nourishing, 
and taken frequently in small quantities. 
Opium is often of great service, both in 
procuring sleep, and in checking the purg- 
ing. 
Disorder of the digestive Organs. The 
stomach and bowels bear a considerable 
share in the sympathetic derangements al- 
ready considered. But in many instances 
ot local complaints they are deranged in a 
still more striking way ; and again, a dis- 
