SUR 
The ankle may be dislocated outwards, 
the fibula; being at the same time broken. 
This is generally a compound luxation ; the 
extremity of the tibia, when displaced from 
the asti-agulus, very ofteq penetrating the 
integuments. Formerly this accident was 
considered as a cause of amputation ; and 
many practitioners have been in the h^it 
of sawing off the projecting portion. Yet 
by replacing the bone, closing the wound, 
keeping the parts quiet, &c. the injury has 
been often recovered. Luxation may also 
occur in the opposite direction, and for- 
wards. The latter is very difficult to re- 
tain in place, as the muscles of the calf are 
so apt to move the foot. 
SURIANA, in botany, so named in ho- 
nour of Joseph Donat Surian, a genus of 
the Decandria Pentagynia class and order. 
Natural order of Succulentae. Rosacese, 
Jussieu. Essential character : caljpr five- 
leaved ; petals five ; styles inserted into the 
inner side of the germs ; seeds five, naked. 
There is but one species, vis. S. maritima, 
a native of the sea coast of South America, 
and the islands of the West Indies. 
SURRENDER, in law, a deed on in- 
strument, testifying that the particular te- 
nant of lands or tenements for life, or years, 
doth sufficiently consent and agree, that he 
which has the next or immediate remainder 
or reversion thereof, shall also have the 
present estate of the same in possession ; 
and that he yields and gives up the same 
unto him ; for every surrenderor ought 
forthwith to give possession of the things 
surrendered. Where a surrender is made 
in consequence of a fresh lease, and that 
lease turns out invalid, the surrender is 
considered as not valid, and the former 
lease is established. Surrender into the 
hands of the lord is the mode of passing 
copyholds, and a surrender to the use of a 
will is necessary, in order to pass them by 
a will. 
SURROGATE, one who is substituted 
or appointed in the room of another j as the 
bishop of chancellor’s surrogate. 
SURSOLID, in arithmetic and algebra, 
the fifth power, or fourth multiplication of 
any number or quantity, considered as a 
root. See Root. 
SCRSOi.iD probUnn, in mathematics, is 
that which cannot be resolved but by 
curves of a higher nature than a conic sec- 
tion, v. gr. in order to describe a regular 
endecagon, ”or figure of eleven sides in a 
circle, it is required to describe an isosce- 
les triangle on a right line given, whose an- 
SUR 
gles, at the base, shall be quintuple to that 
at the vertex ; which may easily be done 
by the intersection of a quadratris, or any 
other curve of the second kind. 
SURVEYING. This important art, how- 
ever difficult its attainment may appear, i» 
nevertheless to be com^irised within a very 
few general rules. The accuracy of the 
work must depend entirely on the correct- 
ness of the instruments employed, the steadi- 
ness of the hand and eye of the operator, 
and the faithfully tracing the given lines 
and angles on the paper designed to exhibit 
the estate, or premises, under examination. 
The following leading principles will give 
an insight into the mode of displaying the 
results, whatever may be the means em- 
ployed for their computation. First. We 
are to reject the actual curvature of our 
globe, in all land surveys; that is, where no 
current of water, or the level of any fluid, 
is under consideration : such curvature 
amounts to about eight inches in every 
mile, either of latitude or of longitude. In 
brief, we consider the earth to be flat, in- 
stead of spherical. Secondly. We must 
ever carry in mind, that every triangle is 
equal to half a parallelogram of equal base 
and altitude; as shown under the head of 
Geometry. Thirdly. That wherever there 
is a deviation from the horizontal, there will 
be a greater extent of surface displayed on 
a scite than if the same were horizontal. To 
illustrate this, let an orange be cut through 
in the middle, and the flat part, i.e. the 
section, be placed on a level table : it is 
evident that the round surface of tlie half 
orange will offer more surface than the flat 
section which lays upon the table : but, if 
it were required to build on the semi-sphe- 
rical surface, it would be found that no 
more houses, &c. could be raised thereon, 
than would stand on the extent of the flat 
section. The reason of which is, that ho 
more perpendiculars can be raised on one 
than on the other. This shows how falla- 
cious is the mode of purchasing what is 
called side-long, or hanging land, by the 
acre. The greater the deviation from the 
horizontal, the more is the base diminished. 
Fourthly, The surveyor must recollect that 
all planes, of whatever extent or form, may 
be divided into, and be represented by, 
triangles of various forms and dimensions, 
whose aggregate will amount to the measure- 
ment of the area thus partitioned off: for, 
as Euclid justly observes, “All the parts, 
taken together, are equal to the whole.” It 
will be further seen, that every figure may 
