tra 
and order. Natural order of Campanaceae. 
Campauulaceae, Jussieu, Essential cliarac- 
ter : corolla funnel-forra ; stigma gtobular ; 
capsule three-celled, inferior. There are 
three species, all found at the Cape of 
Good Hope. 
TRACHICHTHYS, in natural history, a 
genus of fishes of the order Thoracici. Gene- 
ric character : head rounded in front, eye 
large, inoiitli wide, toothless, descending ; 
gill-membrane eight-raj’ed ; the four lowest 
rays rough on the edges ; scales rough ; ab- 
domen mailed with large carinated scales. 
The only species under tliis genus is T. 
australis, or the southern trachichthys, about 
five inches long, and two deep, and a na- 
tive of New Holland. Its body is so strong- 
ly coated with scale?, that they cannot be 
detached without part of the skin. Its eyes 
are extremely large, its tail is strongly fork- 
ed, and its abdomen is carinated, and cata- 
phracted, by a row of eight strong scales, 
each of which projects into a short spine 
pointing backward, and forming a s)iarp 
keel beneath. See Plate VI. Pisces, 
fig- 7 . 
TRACHINUS, in natural history, a ge- 
nus of fishes ot the order Jiigulares. Ge- 
neric character ; head compressed, spinous 
at the top ; gill-membrane six-rayed, the 
covers aculeated; lower lamina serrated. 
There are two species. T, draco, or the 
dragon-weaver, is usually about eleven 
inches long, and inhabits the North Seas 
and the Mediterranean, often imbedding 
itself in the sand on the coasts. It feeds 
on worms, insects, and small fishes, and 
is in great estimation in various coun- 
tries of Europe for the table. It is remark- 
able principally for inflicting very painful 
wounds with its first dorsal fin, which is 
armed with five strong and sharp spines. 
The wounds thus given are attended with 
great heat and violent redness, and are not 
a little dreaded by the fishermen of France 
and Holland. 
TRADE, the practice of exchanging 
goods, wires, money, bills, and other ar- 
tides of value, with the view of advantage 
or profit. It is generally distinguished into 
foreign trade, or the export and import of 
commodities to and fiom other countries 
and the internal or home trade, or that 
which is carried on within the country; 
which two branches, however, are rather 
distinct in appearance than reality; one 
supports the other, and by their mutual 
connection and dejiendenee the foreign and 
the domestic trade of ^reat Britain have 
TRA 
risen together to their present unparalleled 
height. See Commerce and Manufac- 
tures. 
By the law of England, trade is con- 
sidered so much for the general bene- 
fit, that, by several statutes, particularly 
Mapa Charta, 9 Henry III. c. SO, and 
SRichaid II. c. 1 , even all merchants, aliens, 
aud not enemies, may safely come and go, 
and abide here, and deal, in gross or by re- 
tail, in any commodities; but, by statute 
16 Richard II. c. 1, tins was restrained, to 
prevent merchants, aliens, from selling any 
tiling by retail except victuals. And by 
several statutes, remedies are given for 
alien merchants against those by whom they 
may be disturbed in their dealings. But 
an alien cannot take a lease of a house, 
though he is a merchant; but may be a 
tenant at will. And no alien shall be a 
merchant or factor, unless naturalized, or 
made denizen, in the English plantations in 
Asia, Africa, or America. Some restraints 
are also put upon the importation of certain 
articles by statute 11 Edward III. c. 3; 
3 Edward IV. c. 4 ; 19 Henry VII. c. 21 ; 
25 Henry VHI. c. 9 ; and 6 Elizabeth c. 7. 
Tile seas shall be open to all merchants ; 
and all subjects may trade to Spain, France’ 
and Portugal, paying the customs. In Eng- 
land all persons are free to use any trade, 
unless restrained by act of parliament, or 
the bye-laws of some corporations, or by 
the Ring’s cliarter ; for he may erect a cor- 
poration for the management of certain 
trades, and may even make a monopoly of 
some things, such as the sole prin ting of books 
of the common law, statute books, English 
bibles, prayer books, civil law books, and 
even school books, as it is said. But this 
prerogative is somewhat odious, and has not 
recently been enforced, excepting in re- 
spect to bible?, the statutes, and prayer 
books. 
But the King cannot by his charter make 
a total restraint of trade. Even with re- 
spect to excluding the exercise of a trade 
in a town, or city, without Iieing free of it 
there is great doubt whether a charter with 
such an exclusive privilege is valid, except 
as to London, w-here the bye laws are con- 
firmed by act of Parliament, although many 
such privileges are assumed elsewhere, and 
rest for their validity entirely upon ancient 
cu.stom. The exclusive trade of the East 
India company is founded upon a charter, 
confirmed by act of parliament, 9 and 10 
William III. c. 44, and subsequent statutes 
by 37 George HI. c. 97, trade is allow- 
