TUR 
the aciiJs. The compounds are denominat- 
ed tungstates. 
TUNNAGE is used for a custom or im- 
post, payable to the crown, for goods and 
merchandize imported or exported, and is 
to be paid after a certain rate for every 
tun thereof. This duty, as well as that of 
poundage, was first granted for life to King 
Charles II. and has been continued in the 
same manner to his royal successors, down 
to his present majesty King George III. 
TUNNEL net, a net for taking par- 
tridges, which should not exceed fifteen feet 
in length, nor be less than eighteen inches 
in breadth, or opening, for the entrance. 
TUPIPORA, in natural history, a genus 
of the Vermes Zoophyta; animal a nereis ; 
coral consisting of erect, hollow, cylindri- 
cal, parallel, aggregate tubes. There are 
ten species, of which we notice T. nnisica, 
with fasciculate connected tubes, and trans- 
verse, distinct, membranaceous dissepi- 
ments. It inhabits the Indian and Ame- 
rican Seas, fixed to rocks and other corals : 
it is of a bright scarlet colour, consisting of 
an assortment of upriglit parallel tubes, 
rising over each other by stages like cells 
of an honey comb, divided by transverse 
partitions. The Indians use it in cases of 
strangnary, and wounds inflicted by ve- 
nomous animals. 
TURBITH minerid. If sulphuric acid 
and mercury, namely, three parts of acid 
and two of mercury, be exposed fora longer 
time to the action of heat, a greater pro- 
portion of sulphuric acid is decomposed, 
and the mercury combines with a greater 
proportion of oxygen. 'J’he salt thus ob- 
tained possesses different properties from 
the former. It crystallizes in small prisms, 
and when it is neutralized it is of a dirty 
white colotir ; but if it be obtained in the 
dry state, it is pure white, and in this state 
it is colnbined with an excess of acid. It 
is then deliquescent in tlie air ; but in the 
neutral state it undergoes no change. When 
hot water is added to this salt, it is con- 
verted into a yellow powder, which has 
been long distinguished by the name of 
turpeth mineral. 
TURBO, in natural history, wreath; a 
genus of the Vermes Testacea class and 
order: animal a limax ; shell univalve, spi- 
ral, solid ; aperture contracted, orbicular, 
entire. This is a very numerous genus, 
divided into sections. A. pillar-margin of 
the aperture dilated imperforate. B. solid 
imperforate. C. solid perforated. D. can- 
cellate. E. Tapering, 
TUR 
TURDUS, the thrush, in natural his- 
tory, a genus of birds of the order Pas- 
seres. Generic character : bill straitish, 
upper mandible somewhat bending, and 
notched near the point ; nostrils oval, and 
half-covered with a small membrane, or 
naked ; mouth ciliated with a few bristles 
at the corners ; tongue jagged. There are 
one hundred and twenty-two species enu- 
merated by Latham, and one hundred and 
thirty-five by Gmelin, of which we shall 
notice the following. 
T. viscivorus, or the missel-thrush. , This 
bird is well known throughout Europe, and 
some think confined to it. In England it 
is stationary, in some other countries mi- 
gratory. It builds its nest of moss and 
leaves in low trees, or rather shrubs, and 
lays four eggs. It feeds on the berries of 
holly, hawthorn, and other trees, and on 
caterpillars and insects. It is valued for 
food, but far more for that melody, which 
ought ever to be its security from the gun 
of the sportsman, and which it frequently 
commences so early as the very beginning 
of the year, animating the dullness, and 
softening the rigour of the seasdn by its de- 
lightful song. 
T. raiisicus, or the throstle, is nine inches 
long, and weighs three ounces, being con- 
siderably less than the former. It breeds 
so early as the beginning of April, and 
sometimes again in each of the two follow- 
ing months. Its nest is made of earth, 
straw, and moss, and plastered inside with 
clay. It is never seen in companies in 
England, where it remains through the 
whole year : in France it is migratory. Its 
song commences early in the season, and 
continues for nine months ; and its notes 
are so rich and various, that, in the lan- 
guage of Milton, they can “ charm all sad- 
ness but despair.” 
T. pilaris, or the field-fare, is ten inches 
long, passes the winter in England, when 
the season is extremely rigorous, in immense 
flocks, but in small parties when the winter 
is mild. These birds are said to have been 
much esteemed for the table by the Ro- 
mans. In Sweden they build in high trees. 
They subsist principally on various sorts of 
berries. 
T. merula, orthe black-bird, is ten inches 
long, and found generally throughout Eu- 
rope. It is fond of solitude, and never’, or 
ver y rarely, seen in flocks. In summer it 
haunts orchards and gardens. In winter it 
secludes far from human society in the re- 
cesses of the woods. It builds in the same 
