TUR 
The galipot is mnch used in making flam- 
beaux when mixed with suet, but the 
greater part of it, as well as the liquid tur- 
pentine, is subjected to further processes. 
The Strasburgh turpentine, the produce of 
t!ie silver lir, is the most fragrant of all the 
pine turpentines, and only inferior to the 
true Ohio, but it is not often seen in the 
shops. It is obtained by rude incision of 
the bark by the peasants in the vast pine 
forests on the western Alps. The first cut 
is made as high as the hatchet will reach, and 
these are renewed annually from above 
downwards to within a foot of the ground. 
But the finest kind of turpentine yielded 
by this tfee, is that which exudes from soft 
turbercles, or swellings of the inner bark. 
The peasants carry with them a large cow’s 
born, with the point of which they pierce 
these tubercles, and collect the juice in its 
hollow. 
The true Venice turpentine, or resin of 
the larch, is obtained from the Tyrol and 
Savoy, and also from Dauphiny, by boring 
holes about an inch in diameter, with a 
gentle descent, in the most knotty parts of 
the tree. To these are adapted long per- 
forated pegs, which serve as gutters to con- 
vey the juice into troughs placed beneath. 
It is yielded during the whole of the sum- 
mer, and is simply purified by straining 
through hair sieves. A full grown larch will 
sometimes yield seven or eight pounds of 
turpentine annually for forty or fifty years. 
TURQUOISE. The colour of this sub- 
stance is pale sky-blue, passing into indigo- 
blue, and pale apple-green. It occurs in 
mass, or disseminated. Its fracture is even. 
Its hardness is nearly equal to that of glass ; 
it is difficultly frangible. Specific gravity 
S.lg. Before the blow-pipe its colour 
changes to greyish-white, and it becomes 
friable, but it does not melt. It is soluble 
in nitro-muriatic acid, and the European 
varieties are so in nitric acid ; this men- 
struum, however, has no action on the Per- 
sian turquoises. It is composed, according 
to Bullion la Grange, of 
Phosphate of lipie 80 
Carbonate of lime 8 
Phosphate of iron, with a? g 
trace of manganese > 
Phosphate of magnesia 2 
Alumina... 1 
Water 6 
JjOSS 1 
too 
TWI 
Turquoise is generally considered as fossil- 
bone, or ivory penetrated by oxide of cop- 
per ; it appears, however, from the above 
analysis, that the colouring matter is phos- 
phate of iron. The oriental turquoises are 
found near Meched in Persia, also in Mount 
Caucasus, in Egypt and Arabia. The occi- 
dental ones are found in Languedoc in 
France, and in Hungary. Turquoise was 
formerly in some estimation for rings and 
other articles of personal ornament, but 
its value has greatly declined in modern 
times. The colour of turquoise changes 
gradually by exposure to the air, from blue 
to green : when it arrives at this state its 
commercial value is wholly extinct. 
TURRITIS, in botany, tower-mustard, a 
genus of theTetradynamia Siliquosa class and 
order. Natural order of Siliquosas, Cruci- 
formes, or Crucifer®. Essential character : 
silique very long, angular 5 calyx converg- 
ing, erect; corolla erect. There are eight 
species. 
TURRiEA, in botany, a genus of the 
Decandria Monogynia class and order. Na- 
tural order of Trihilat®. Meli®, Jussieu. 
Essential character: calyx five- toothed ; 
petals five ; nectary toothed, cylindrical, 
bearing the anthers at the mouth between 
the teeth; capsule pentacoccous; seeds 
two. There are five species. 
TUSCAN order, in architecture, the first, 
simplest, and most massive of the five 
orders. 
TUSSILAGO, in botany, colt’sfoot, a 
genus of the Syngenesia Polygamia Super- 
flua class and order. Natural order of Com- 
posit® Discoide®. Corym biter®, Jussieu. 
Essential character : calyx scales equal, as 
long as the disk, somewhat membranaceous ; 
down simple ; receptacle naked. There are 
fourteen species. 
TWILIGHT, that light, whether in the 
morning before sun-rise, or in the evening 
after sun-set, supposed to begin and end 
when the least stars that can be seen by 
the naked eye cease, or begin, to appear. 
By means of the atmosphere it happens, 
that though none of the sun’s direct rays 
can come to us after it is set, yet we .still 
enjoy its reflected light for some time, and 
night approaches by degrees; for after the 
sun is hidden from our eyes, the upper part of 
our atmosphere remains for some time ex- 
posed to its rays, and from thence the whole 
is illuminated by reflection. But as the sun 
grows' lower and lower, that portion of the 
atmosphere which is above our horizon, 
becomes enlightened till the sim has got 
