PARNASSIUS. 
17 
above, the thorax being covered with white silky hair, and also 
the abdomen in the male ; in the female, however, this is black, 
every segment being marked by a yellowish white ring. The 
ventral surface and legs are yellowish. The female has a brownish 
horny abdominal pouch. PI. IV., 1. 
Times of Appearance. — June, July, and August. 
Habitat. — Hills and mountains throughout Europe (except 
Great Britain and the Polar Kegions), also the greater part of 
Eastern and Central Asia. In Europe it is common in Scandinavia 
and Switzerland, and is a familiar object to the summer tourist in 
the latter country. It occurs in France, Spain, and Eussia, also in 
Germany, and less commonly in other parts of Central Europe ; 
the Siberian specimens of the var. Sihiricus, Nordm., are very 
magnificent insects, expanding 3-50 to nearly 4 in., with red 
spots on the fore wings. 
Larva. — Velvety black, covered with reddish orange points 
and small blue elevations. There is a retractile y-shaped process 
placed posteriorly to the head. It feeds on Saxifrages and Crassu- 
lacece in May. PI. V., 6. 
Pupa smooth and covered with a purple bloom, spun up 
between leaves by threads of silk, as well as being attached by 
silken bands as in the other genera of Fapilionidce. This arrange- 
ment forms a sort of rudimentary cocoon. 
This species has been described as British, but no authentic 
record of its capture can be found, and recent entomological 
observations in the North of Scotland have not resulted in its 
addition to the British list. 
2. P. Delius, Esp. 115, 5; Hilb. 649, 684; H.-S. 317.— 
Phoebus, Hilb. 567, 8. 
Expands 2'25 to 2-50 in., the average size being more uniform 
than that of P. Apollo. The wings are generally whiter and more 
thickly covered with scales than in that species ; the fore wings 
are larger and not so rounded, and frequently have red spots. The 
male has the fore wings somewhat similar to those of Apollo, but the 
spots are smaller, and those near the costa are often marked with red, 
whilst the spot near the inner margin, which is always present in the 
D 
