16 
PAPILIONID.E. 
spun up by numerous filaments of silk forming a rudimentary kind 
of cocoon ; it is rounded and covered with a purple effioresence. 
Boisduval compared it to the pupa of the Heterocerous genus 
Catocala. 
There is no doubt that in its pupation the genus Parnassius 
resembles the Hesperidce, though the larval and imaginal states 
show that it is properly placed in the present family. 
The genus Parnassius contains about thirty known species, 
and is confined to the temperate and boreal portion of the Northern 
Hemisphere, all the species being found in mountainous or elevated 
regions. Central Asia may be considered the head quarters of the 
group, but three species occur in the mountainous parts of Europe, 
some inhabit the Caucasus, others the Himalayas, whilst several 
species are obtained in the mountainous regions towards the west 
of North America. There are but four species that can be con- 
sidered European. 
1. P. Apollo, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 465; Hiib. 396-7, 730-1; 
Esp. 2, f. 1. 
Expands 2-50 to 3-18 in. Wings white. Fore wings semi- 
transparent at the tip and along the hind margin. There are two 
large black spots in the discoidal cell and two or three outside 
these, and a well-defined black spot is always present near the 
inner margin in both sexes. Parallel to the hind margin, but 
separated from the semitransparent border by a white band, is a 
wavy blackish band reaching from the costa to the inner margin. 
Hind wings with two dusky semitransparent wavy bands running 
parallel to the hind margin. Near the anal angle a chain of several 
black spots more or less coalescent, and occasionally marked with 
red. Two large red spots, one on the costa and one in the centre 
of the wing generally white in their centres and surrounded by a 
black ring. The bases of all the wings are dusky. Under side, 
shining and thinly scaled, marked as on the upper surface, but the 
hind wings have at the base and hind margins four large red spots 
surrounded with black, and one red spot, or several smaller ones, 
at the anal angle. The anteunte are black, ringed with white, 
and have black clubs. The head, thorax and abdomen are black 
