12 
PAPILIONW.E. 
black marks, the external one generally joining the third costal 
band. The fifth costal band counting from within frequently has 
a red sj^ot. Hind wings black at the base, the discoidal cell 
containing a trifid black mark. Internal to the marginal border is 
a black band on which are seven carmine spots, and beneath each 
of these a patch of blue scales. The hind margin of all the wings 
much dentated, and having highly dentate black and yellow 
borders; marginal fringes light yellow. Under side: — The 
markings of the upper surface are repeated, but the fore wings 
have three or four of the costal spots marked with red. The 
ground colour of the hind wings is white, and each marginal 
indentation is filled up by an orange crescent. PI. III., 1. 
Time of Appearance. — April. 
Habitat. — South-Eastern Germany, the South of France and 
Italy (part of), South-Eastern Europe, Bithynia and Armenia 
(Staudinger). 
It frequents marshy ground and is of short duration. 
Larva yellow, with a black dorsal band ; six rows of spines 
bordered with black and with a lateral series of black points 
forming a triangle. The Pupa is not unlike that of Cussandra in 
form, but is greyish brown in colour. The Larva is found about 
August feeding on Aristolodiia (Timins). 
VARIETIES. 
a. Cassandra, Hub. 910, 3. Ground colour lighter than in 
the type ; the black markings are darker and more diffused. 
PI. HI., 2. 
It will be seen that I follow Staudinger in considering 
Cassandra to be a local variety of rolijxena. Boisduval, however, 
considered it distinct, and the Eev. Douglas C. Timins, in a mono- 
graphic paper on the genus Thais, read before the Entomological 
Society of Loudon, points out that Cassandra differs from Polyxena 
in the larva and pupa states ; he considers them to be specifically 
distinct. I quote from his monograph:* — “The Larva feeds on 
several species of Jristolochia : it varies much in colour, but is 
generally pale reddish, spotted with black. The pupa-state lasts 
‘ Procecdiugs of tlic Eutoiiiologicul Society of London,’ 1807, page ci. 
