VANESSA. 
167 
brown, blue, and yellow. Under side dark brown, sometimes with 
a white mark on hind wings. Inner margin of fore wings straight ; 
hind margins dentated ; fore wings in most species with two 
marked projections, and hind wings with one. Six European 
species : — Eohjchloros, L. ; Xanthoinelas, S. Y. ; Vau-Allmvi, W. Y. ; 
JJrticce, L. ; lo, L. ; and Antiopa, L. 
Pyeameis, Hub. Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 32 (1816) ; Doubl. 
Gen. D. L. p. 202 (1849). — Expanse of wings reaching 2-75 in. 
Black or dark brown, banded or spotted with red or orange. Under 
side coloured as above, sometimes with ocelli. Fore wings black 
towards the apex with conspicuous white spots. Inner margins 
straight ; hind margins very little angulated. Hind wings rounded 
and scalloped. Three European species, Atalaiita, L. ; CaUirAioe, 
F. ; and Gar did , L. 
1. — V. Levana, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 480; Esp. 15, 2; Hub. 97, 
98, 728-9; 0. I. 1, 132. 
Expands from 1-0 to 1-25 in. (the smallest species). The 
wings are fulvous ; fore wings with a slight projection at the anal 
angle, yellow on the costa ; they have several rows of small black 
spots towards the base and larger ones on the central area, and at 
the apices near which there are one or two white spots. Hind 
wings dentated along their hind margins, fulvous, spotted with 
black, and with a hind-marginal row of very small blue lunules. 
Fringes black and white. Under side ground colour purplish 
brown, the nervures white. The fore wings have a small white 
circle in the discoidal cell near the base, and outside this four white 
lines ; near the apex are some yellowish white and brown markings ; 
towards the anal angle are some light brown markings, and above 
these two pure white spots surrounded by light blue. The hind 
wings have an oblong white spot near the base touching the costa ; 
across their centre extends, from the costa to the inner margin, a 
brownish white band, and a line of the same colour runs parallel 
to the hind margin throughout its entire length, except op|)osite 
