rj.VA’,bvsvi. 
IG'J 
Habitat. — Moist woods, tliroiigliont the greater part of 
Southern and Central Europe (absent from Britain and Denmark) ; 
it also occurs in Armenia, Southern Siberia and the Amur. 
Larva. — Black or dark grey, sometimes with brown stripes ; 
spiny, the spines being black or brownish yellow. Gregarious on 
Urtica dioica. 
Obs. — This species is to my mind much nearer to the genus 
Pijrameis of authors than to any of the other Vanessce. 
2. — V. Egea, Cramer, Pap. Bxot. T. 78, C.D. (1778) ; Herhst. 
160, 5-6. 
Triangulum, Fab. E. S. 125 (1793) ; 0. I. 1, 123. 
V-Album, Esp. 52-1 ; Bkh. i. 17. 
Expands from 1-75 to 2 in. The wings are pale fulvous, 
with black spots ; brown along the hind margins. Lore wings 
with two black spots touching the costa, two smaller ones 
in the discoidal cell, and three in the centre of the wings. Hind 
wings with two or three black spots towards the base. All the 
wings have, immediately internal to the hind-marginal brown band, 
a row of indistinct light crescents. The hind margins of the 
wings are rather deeply incised, the fore wings showing two and 
the hind wings one well-marked projection. The inner margin of 
the fore wings is concave near the anal angle. Under side of all 
the wings light brown, with lighter and darker streaks ; in the dis- 
coidal cell of the hind wings is a white mark composed of two 
lines, forming an acute angle like the letter V. PI. XXXIX., 3. 
Times of Appearance. — April to June, and again in September, 
the species being probably double-brooded. 
Habitat. — Gardens and sunny places in the South of Europe 
(excepting Spain, Portugal, Hungary and South Eussia). It like- 
wise occurs on the shores of the Caspian, in Persia, and in Asia 
Minor. 
LARva blue and spiny, second segment striped transversely 
with black and yellow ; said to be solitary on I’arietaria ojficinalis 
in July. 
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