170 
NYMPIIALLD.E. 
3.— V. C-Album, Linn. Fann. Suec. p. ‘279, n. 159 (1761); 
Syst. Nat. x. 1, 2, p. 778 (1767) ; Esp. Sclimett. 
i. 1, t. 13, f. 3 (1777); Hilb. Eur. Sclimett. i. 92, 
93; H.-S. i. 159, 160 (1844). 
Expands from 1-80 to 2*30 in. Has all the characters of 
the last species intensified. The hind margins of the wings are 
deeply incised, presenting a jagged outline with strongly marked 
projections. The inner margin of the fore wings is deeply concave, 
much more so than in Egea. All the wings are deep fulvous, dark 
brown along the hind margins, varied with light brown lunules ; 
the black spots are larger and more intense than in V. Egea, and 
there is one more on the hind wing below the discoidal cell. 
The pattern of the under side consists of various shades of brown 
varied with dark green or greenish yellow. In the centre of the 
wings, immediately below the discoidal cell, is a very distinct 
white C-like mark. This species exhibits seasonal dimorphism, 
the vernal form having the under side light brown, almost as pale 
as that of V. Egea, whilst the estival form is richly variegated in 
the under side of the male and very dark brown in the female. 
The C-like mark is subject to great variation, sometimes being 
shaped like a Gl, and at others like an 0. XXXIX. fig. 4. (The 
under sides are those of males of the spring and summer broods, 
showing the difference in colouring). 
Time of Appeaeance. — Throughout the line season from April 
to September. 
Habitat. — The whole of Europe and the greater part of 
Northern Asia (excepting both European and Asiatic Polar Regions), 
also Asia Minor, Persia, and Armenia. In Great Britain it is a 
very local species, being chiefly found in the Western and Midland 
districts of England ; rare in Ireland, and altogether absent from 
Scotland. PL XXXIX., 4. 
Laeva. — Greyish brown, a whitish dorsal stripe reaching from 
the 7th to the 13th segment. Head with two horn-like projections. 
The colour of the head is black, and also that of the second seg- 
ment, which is covered with minute bristly warts ; the rest of the 
body is covered with branching spines, brown and white in colour. 
The spiracles are black, surrounded by white and red-brown. 
