ARGYNNIS. 
199 
Larva. — Grey, with a pale yellow dorsal streak ; spines flesh- 
coloured, and set on hlack elevations. On violets, V. montana and 
canina, generally in July. 
VARIETIES. 
a. Napaea, Hiib. 757-8; Pales, 1, 9, 964; ?■ Isis, Huh. 563. — 
The male is tinged with sulphur-yellow heneath ; the female 
greenish or dusky above. Variable, all degrees of colouring 
intermediate between this and the type being found. PL XL VII., 2. 
Habitat. — Same as type. 
h. Lapponica, Stgr. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1861, 347. — Smaller than 
the type ; much darker above, and more intensely marked beneath. 
Appears to be close to the next form. PI. XLVH., 3. 
Habitat. — Lapland, &c. 
c. Arsilache, Esp. 56, 5, ii. p. 35; Hid). 36, 37; Trsk. x. 1, 12; 
Err. B. 115, 2, 121, 2 ; ISlapcm, Diip. i. 48, 5, 6. — Larger than the 
type, and generally with the hind wings more rounded; colour 
brighter fulvous, and the spots larger ; on the under side the fore 
wings differ from those of the type in having large and well-defined 
black spots ; especially plain is an X-shaped marking situated near 
the inner margin. The hind wings have the markings more 
variegated, and the silvery spots brighter. PI. XLVH., 4. 
Habitat. — Germany ; valleys in Switzerland, Scandinavia, 
North and Central Russia, and Siberia ; always at lower elevations 
than Pales. 
cl. Caucasica, Stgr. Hor. 1870, p. 61 ; Arsilache, H. S. 259-62. 
— A mountain form, inhabiting the Southern Caucasus and 
Armenia ; the male being brighter fulvous than the type above, 
and beneath paler. 
e. Grseca, Stgr. Hor. 1870, p. 62. — Another local mountain 
form found in Northern Greece. It is paler than the type beneath, 
and has the marginal fringes varied with black and white. 
Obs. — Arsilache was formerly considered distinct from Pales, 
but, as will be seen by the above varieties, there are many con- 
necting links between the two forms. Elevation and latitude seem 
to be very influential in producing variations. Pales or something 
like it being probably the original Palaarctic type of the species, 
