Order II. PASSERES. 
The fourth Tribe, 
COIVIROSTRES, or Conical-billed Birds, 
have the Bill strong, more or less conical, with the tip slightly emarginated or entire, the Wings 
generally moderate and pointed ; the Tarsi usually long and strongly scutellated ; the Toes moderate, 
with the outer one sometimes united at its base. 
The first Family, 
CORVIDiE, or Crows, 
have the Bill strong, with the base of the culmen sometimes covered with projecting bristly plumes, 
arched, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is more or less emarginated ; the nostrils basal, and 
more or less concealed by the basal plumes ; the Wings generally long and pointed ; the Tail moderate 
or lengthened ; the Tarsi and Toes moderate. 
The first Subfamily, 
PHONYGAMINiE, or Piping Crows, 
have the Bill lengthened, with the base broad ; the sides compressed, and the culmen broad, rounded, 
projecting on the forehead, and more or less straight to the tip, which is more or less emarginated ; the 
nostrils basal, much exposed, and usually in the form of a long narrow slit in the substance of the bill , 
the Wings usually long and pointed, or rounded ; the Tail long and even, or rounded ; the Tarsi and 
the Toes strong, and strongly scaled, with the outer toe united at its base. 
Gymnorhina.* 
Bill longer than the head, broad, and elevated at the base, with the culmen slightly curved, and the 
sides compressed towards the tip, which is slightly curved and emarginated, the culmen advancing on 
the forehead, rounded, and smooth ; the nostrils basal, lateral, with the opening in the form of a straight 
slit, pierced in the substance of the bill and exposed. Wings very long and pointed, with the first quill 
half the length of the second, which is shorter than the third and fourth ; these are the longest. Tail 
* This genus I established in 1840 (A List of Genera of Birds, 1st edit. p. 37-). 
