Order II. RASSERES 
Tribe IV. Conirostres. 
Family III. Sturnida. 
I'be second Subfamily, 
GRACIJLINiE, or Grakles, 
have the Bill more or less long, broad at the base, much compressed on the sides, with the culinen rather 
curved to the tip, which is slightly emarginated ; the Nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, exposed, with the 
^ ontal plumes advancing to, or covering the opening ; the "Wings long, with the first quill short, and 
Ifte third and fourth the longest ; the Tail short and even, or slightly graduated ; the Tarsi short ; the 
Toes long and strongly scutellated. 
Gracula Linn.* 
Lill as long, or longer than the head, strong, with the culmen rather curved ; the sides much 
compressed to the tip, which is slightly emarginated, and the lateral margins nearly straight, or slightly 
cuived ; the gonys long, straight, and advancing upwards; the nostrils lateral, the opening rounded 
and exposed, with the frontal plumes advancing to, or more or less covering it on each side. Wings 
lon g, with the first quill rather rudimental, the second rather shorter than the third and fourth, which 
are the longest. Tail short and nearly even, or long and rounded. Tarsi rather shorter than the 
middle toe, robust, and covered with strong scales. Toes long, strongly scaled, the lateral ones unequal, 
the outer one the longest, and united at the base ; the hind toe very long and strong ; the claws long, 
s tiong, and curved; various portions of the head naked, and sometimes carunculated. 
Tt is in the lofty jungles of India and its isles, that the species of this genus are found. They are generally seen in 
1 h n or small parties of five or six individuals, frequenting the tops of the highest trees, seeking fruits, chiefly beiiies, of 
jR'ious kinds. They are sometimes observed in newly made gardens, where a few large trees are left standing, flying 
icerfully from tree to tree, resting a few minutes and whistling, and then flying off again to a fresh tree. Theii powei 
song is ve r y rich, varied, and pleasing ; they, however, have several harsh notes, which are often heard in the jungles 
U T frequent. The other species are found in the Philippine Islands and New Guinea. 
Eulabes j aval) us Cuv. ; 
; G. religiose Linn. PI. enl. 268. 
•nnatus sumatranus Less. 
'• G. niusico, (Temm.) Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. t. 9- 4. f. 1.— 
" labes indicus Cuv. 
Dumontii (Less.) Wagl. Voy. de la Coqu. Ois. t. 26., Kittl. 
P • Vog, t. 13. f. . Type of Mino Less. (1828). 
4. G. coronata (Blyth.) Jour. As. Soc. Beng. 1842. p. 194. ; Type 
of Ampuliceps of Blyth (1842). 
5. G. calm Grael. PI. enl. 200., Kittl. Kupf. Vog. t. 13. f- 2. ; 
Type of Gymnops Cuv. (1829)- 
* j . 
of ,\[ r ’j' n * us established this genus in 1756 (Sy sterna Naturce). Eulabes 
ntnler tb ° l ^ S ° n (1^36) are synonymous terms with the one employed. 
e narae of Gymnops by Cuvier in 1829. 
of Cuvier (1817), Mainatus of M. Lesson (1831), and Maina 
It embraces Mino of M. Lesson (1828), which was proposed 
December, 1845. 
