TANAGRIM. 
These are peculiar to the New World, and most of them inhabit the tropical parts. It is m the woods and groves 
that these showy birds are found, forming a striking ornament to the surrounding scenery. Fruits as well as wasps 
and bees, &c., form their principal food. They have been observed, a little before sunset, in parts of the forests clear of 
underwood, darting after winged insects, and continuing thus engaged till it was almost dark. The nest is built on 
the horizontal branch of a tree, of stalks of broken flax and dry grass, so thinly woven together, that the light is easily 
Perceivable through it. The eggs are three in number, of a dull blue, spotted with biown and purple. 
1. P. rubra (Linn.) Swains. PI. enl. 127. f. 1. & 156. f* 1- — 
Pyranga erytliromelas Vieill., Wils. American Ornithol. pi. 11. f. 3. 
& 4. 
2. P. (estiva (Gmel.) Vieill., Wils. Amer. Orn. pi. 6. f. 3, 4. ; 
Tanagra mississippiensis Gmel., var. Lath. Syn. pi. 46. ; Loxia virgi- 
nica Gmel. • Tanagra olivacea Gmel. ; Tanagra rudis Sparr. Mus. 
Carls, t. 94. ; Pyranga hepatica Swains. ; Tanagra saira Spix ? Av. 
fi ras. t. 48. f. 1. 
3. P. eoceinea (Bodd.) PI. enl. 741. — Tanagra mississippiensis 
Gmel . ; P. livida Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. '138. 
k P. Azarw D’Orb. & Lafr. — . Saltator ruber et S. flavus Vieill. 
Azara No. 87, 88.; Tanagra mississippiensis Licht .; Pyranga mis- 
sissippiensis D’Orb. S; Lafr. Syn. 
A. P. bidentata Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. 138. 
6. P. ludoviciana (Wils.) Jard. Wils. Amer. Orn. pi. 20. f. 1.— 
Pyranga erythropis Vieill. 
7. P. mexicana Less. Rev. Zool. 1839- 41. 
8. P. sanguinolenta Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839- 97- 
9. P. olivacea Less. Inst. 1834. — Phcenisoma olivacea Less. 
Rev. Zool. 1840. 99- „ ot 
10. P. cyanictera Vieill. Ency. Meth. 798-; Cal. des Ois. t. 81. 
11. P. cinerea Vieill. Ency. Moth. 798. 
12. P. icteromelas Vieill. Ency. Meth. 799. 
13. P. icteropus Vieill. Ency. Meth. 799- 
14. P. chlorocephaUi Vieill. Ency. Meth. 801. 
15. P. albicollis D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amer. Mer. Ois. pi. 26. f. 2. 
16. P. bivittata (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1842. 70. 
17. P. rubriceps G. R. Gray. 
Lanio Vieill.* 
Bill lengthened, much compressed laterally especially at the tip, the cutaen the mi^^hc dp 
tin. which is much hooked and acute, and the lateral margins strongly dentated near the middle , the tip 
°f the ^wei^mandibkemarginated, acute and turned upwards ; ^22^ 
nearly hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate with the third ^^ ^ 
Bill moderate and slightly rounded. Tarsi longer than the middle toe. Toes short and slender, with 
the outer toe hardly longer than the inner ; the claws short and curved. 
These birds are only seen in the hot humid forests of South America, where they are iound in small troops on the 
summits of the high trees and especially palms, searching them for the seeds and buds, on which they teed. 
t. L . atricapillus (Gmel.) Vieill. PI. enl. 809. f. 2. 
2- L. cristatus Vieill. Ency. Meth. 741. 
3. L. versicolor (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Voy. de l’Amer. Mer. pi. 19- 
f. 1. 
Tanagra Linn.' j* 
Bill short, rather trigonal, and more or less elevated at the base, the culmen gradually arched and the 
si des compressed towards the tip, which is emarginated, and the lateral margins smuated and m > 
tiie nostrils basal, small, rounded, and exposed. Wings moderate, with the three first quills mo 
graduated, and the third and fourth the longest. Tail moderate, and mostly even at the end- 
as long as the middle toe. Toes moderate, with the outer longer than the inner ; the claws snort anu 
curvecL 
These South American birds live in troops, and are generally seen in orchards and gardens, where they Yl 
destructive To the buds and fruits which form their food; the nest is carelessly constructed outwardly of sticks, but 
mtcriorly of hairs finely twisted together, wherein the parent deposits two or three eggs. 
T T. episcopus Linn. Pi. enl. 178. f. 1,2., Desm. Tang. t. . — 
■ eana Swains. Ornith. Dr. pi. 37. ; T. sayaca Gmel. 
2- T. ornata Sparr. Mus. Carls, t. 95., Swains. Ornith. Dr. pi. 42. 
T. archiepiscopus Desm. Tang. t. 17- 18., Spix Av. Br. t. 56. f. 2. 
3 ; T. olivascens Licht. Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 351., Swains. 
'miith. Dr. pi. 38. — T. sayaca Linn. 
4. T. vicarius Less. Cent. Zool. t. 68. 
t 5 - T. giauca Sparr. Mus. Carls, t. 54 — T. ccelestis Spix, Av. Bras. 
• 55. f. 1. ; T. serioptera Swains. 
6- T. argentata. — T. episcopus Swains. Ornith. Dr. pi. 39. 
7. T. Swainsoni. — T . ccelestis Swains. .Ornith. Dr. pi. 41. 
8. T. inornate Swains. Ornith. Dr. P- • „ 
9. T.gularis Linn. PL enh 155. f. eS ^‘ VAm er. M ' & _ G is. 
10. T. cupitata (DOrb. & Lair.; voy. 
*' n. ^tZlpMtaVOrb & Lafr Voy de l’Amer. Mer. Ois. 
t 25 f 1. —T. Maximiliam D Orb. La W r 
12. T striata Gmel. Voy. of Beagle, Birds pi. 36. - T. Dar- 
. .. „ n . t clirysogaster C«». Azara No. 94. 
W1 13 T.xern (Linn.) vigors, Catesby’s Carol, t. 42 Fringilla 
* Given by Vieillot (1816) in bis Analyse, p. 40. . , . 
t This Linnean genus was established in 1766, and Thraupis of Boie (1826) is q 
of Stt W. Jardine and Mr. Selby (1837). 
it embraces, according to my opinion, Spindalis 
