FRINGILLINJS. 
19. E. rubriventris (Vieill.) Ois. chant, t. 13. — Fringilla troglo- 
dytes Licht. 
20. E. bicolor (Vieill.) Ois. chant, t. 19. 
21. E. cinerea (Vieill.) Hartl. Vieill. Ois. chant, t. 6., Kittl. 
Kupf. Vog. t. 10. f. 1. 
22. E. melpoda (Vieill.) Hartl. Vieill. Ois. chant, t. 7- 
23. E. ccerulescens (Vieill.) Swains. Vieill. Ois. chant, t. 8. 
24. E. viridis (Vieill.) Ois. chant, t. 4. 
25. E. niystacea (Vieill.). N. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. xii. p. 182. 
26. E. atricollis (Vieill.) N. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. xii. p. 132. 
27. E. Dupresnei (Vieill.) N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 181. 
28. E. subflava (Vieill.) N. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. xxx. p. 575. 
29. E. versicolor (Vieill.) Encyc. Meth. p. 992. 
30. E. Perreini (Vieill.) N. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. xii. p. 181. 
31. E. nitida (Lath.). 
32. E. speciosa (Bodd.) PI. enl. 203. f. 1.— Fringilla elegans 
Gmel. Vieill. Ois. chant, t. 25. ; Type of Pytelia Swains. (1837.) 
33. E. melba (Linn.) Edw. Birds, pi. 272. f. 2. 128. 
34. E. psittacea (Gmel.) Lath. Syn. pi. 48., Vieill. Ois. chant, 
t. 32. — Loxia pulchella Forst. Descr. Main. p. 273., Icon. ined. 155. 
35. E. ? afro. (Gmel.) Brown, Illustr. pi. 25. 
36. E. phcenicoptcra (Swains.) B. of W. Afr. pi. 16. — Estrelda 
erythroptera Less. 
37. E. ? formosa (Lath.) Bl. 
38. E. trichura (Kittl.) Mem. de l’Aead. Imp. Petersb. 1835. t. 
2. p. 8. t. 10. 
39. E. minima (Vieill.) Rupp. Ois. chant, t. 10. 
40. E. ? pheeton (Homb. & Jacq.) Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 22. 
f. 3. — Type of Neochmia Homb. &; Jacq. 
41. E. musica (Vieill.) Ois. chant, t. 11. 
A madina Swains.* 
Hill short, acutely conical, and very broad at the base, with the culmen very broad, flattened, pointed 
on the forehead, and sloping, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is acute ; the lower mandible 
nearly equal in size to the upper ; the sides broad, and the gonys ascending to the acute tip ; the nostrils 
basal, sunken, lateral, and hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings short and rounded, with the first quill 
minute, and the second nearly as long, or sometimes quite as long, as the third and fourth, which are 
longest. Tail short, even, or rounded on the sides, wflth the middle feathers sometimes prolonged in 
a narrow point beyond the others. Tarsi shorter than the hind toe, rather strong, and covered in front 
with broad scales. Toes more or less long and slender ; the lateral toes nearly equal ; the outer toe 
slightly united at its base ; the hind toe long, and armed with a long curved claw. 
The species are inhabitants of Africa, Asia, and Australia. They may be observed singly, or in small flocks, among 
the tall grass and bushes, but are generally seen feeding on the ground in the vicinity of the rivers and cultivated places, 
especially rice swamps. Others are more usually found in the reeds that grow on the margins of rivers exhibiting 
great activity in passing up and down their stems ; but, when disturbed, they generally fly off to the hedo-es’and shrub” 
in the immediate neighbourhood. Some of the species are migratory, appearing in the mountainous districts during 
the breeding season, and returning to the plains on the approach of winter. The food of these birds consists of various 
kinds of grains and insects. The nest is of large size, composed of grasses formed into a spherical ball, fixed among the 
slender branches or stiff leaves of palms and other trees, with a small, round, spout-like opening on’ the side or” top, 
through which the bird enters. Both sexes labour at the forming of the nest, and generally share in the task of rearing 
the young. The eggs are four to ten in number. 
1. A. fasciata (Gmel.) Brown’s 111. pi. 27., Vieill. Ois. chant, 
t. 58. — Loxia jugularis Shaw ; Fringilla detruncata Licht. 
2. A. indica (Gmel.) Edw. Birds, pi. 272. f. 1. 
3. A. erythrocephala (Linn.) A. Smith, 111. S. Afr. Zool. Aves, 
pi. 69. — Loxia brasiliana Bodd. Gmel. PI. enl. 309. f- 1., Vieill. Ois. 
chant, t. 49. ; L. maculosa Burch, Edw. Birds, pi. 180. f. 1. 
4. A. oryzivora (Linn.) PI. enl. 152. f. 1., Vieill. Ois. chant, 
t. 6l., Swains. Zool, III. n. s. 156. — Loxia javensis Sparm. Mus. 
Carls, t. 58., Edw. Birds, pi. 41, 42. 
5. A. melanictera (Gmel.) PI. enl. 224. f. 1. 
6. A. melanoleuca (Gmel.) PI, enl. 224. f. 2. 
7- A .fuscata (Vieill.) Vieill. Ois. chant, t. 62. 
* Established by Mr. Swainson in 1827. M. Cabanis changed this name to Sporothlastes in 1847. It embraces Snermestes of 
M r\°{ Mr - IIOClgSOn (1S36) ’ Changed ^ the sarae Wlito t0 Dermophrys in 1841, is synonymous ; 
L h t iv f C ^ WUh . whlch Er ythrura of Mr. Swainson (1837) is synonymous; Donacola of Mr. Gould 0841), with 
which Weehongia (1844) of M. Lesson is coequal; and it includes Poephila of Mr. Gould (1842). ^ 
