EMBERIZINvE. 
Emberiza Linn.* 
Bill small, conical, acute, compressed ; the palate of the upper mandible furnished with a prominent 
bony knob; the culmen more or less straight to the tip, and the lateral margins nearly straight, 
angulated at the base, and much inflected, especially that of the lower mandible, which gives the tip 
an appearance of being slightly turned upwards ; the nostrils basal, rounded, and partly hidden by the 
frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill shorter than the second and third, which are the 
longest. Tail lengthened, and rather forked, with the feathers narrowed and somewhat lanceolate. 
Tarsi as long as the middle toe. Toes moderate, the lateral ones equal and rather short ; the claws 
rather long, compressed, and slender, that of the hind toe nearly equalling the toe in length. 
The species of this genus are scattered both in the Old and New World, but especially in the former. They collect 
together in flocks by themselves, or with other seed-feeding birds, on the approach of winter ; and remain in society till 
the return of spring, when they scatter themselves singly or in pairs over the open countries. Their flight is rapid, and 
is generally performed in short distances from the upper twig of one bush to that of another; in their migrations, how- 
ever, their flight is usually undulated and quick. The food of these birds consists principally of seeds of various plants, 
grasses, and reeds ; and, in the warmer parts of the year, insects and their larva form a portion of their subsistence. 
They generally build their nest in low bushes, or upon the ground among the tufts of grass ; it is composed of dried 
grasses, internally lined with finer grass and hairs : the eggs are usually from four to six in number. 
1. E. Citrinella Linn. PI. enl. SO. f. 1. — Type of Citrinella Kaup 
(1829). 
2. E. Cirlus Linn. PI. enl. 653. — Emberiza eleathorax Bechst.; 
Type of Cirlus Kaup (1829). 
3. E. hortulana Linn. PI. enl. 247- f. 1 Emberiza ehloroce- 
phala Gmel. ; E. Tunstallii Lath. ; E. malbeyensis Sparr. Mus. Carls, 
t. 1.; E. bailensis Gmel. 
4. E. Cia Linn. PI. enl. 30. f. 2. 511. f. 1. — Emberiza barbata 
Scop.; E. lotharingiea Gmel.; Type of Cia Kaup (1829). 
5. E. pithyornis Pall. Zoogr. 11.37. t. 44. — Fringilla dalmatica 
Gmel.; Emberiza leucocephala Gmel. Nov. Com. Petrop. xv. 480. 
t. 23. f 3. 
6. E. rustica Pall. Zoogr. II. 43. t. 47- f- 2., Kittl. Kupf. Nat. 
Vog. t. 22. f. 2. — Emberiza Lesbia Caloi.; E. borealis Zett. 
7. E. fucata Pall. Zoogr. 1 1. 41. t. 4 6. — Emberiza Lesbia Temm. 
nec Gmel.; E. Cia Jerd.l 
8. E. Lesbia Gmel. PI. enl. 656. f. 2. ; Type of Spina Kaup ( 1 829). 
9. E. provincialw Gmel. PI. enl. 656. f. 1. — Type of Orospina 
Kaup (1829); Emberiza Durazzi Pr. Bonap. ? Faun. Ital. Av. t. 6.? 
10. E. chysophrys Pall. Zoogr. 11.46. t. 48. f. 2., Sely’s Faun. 
JBelg. t. 4. 
11. E. Bonapartei Barth, de la Pomm. 
12. E. cinerea Strickl. Proc. Z. S. 1836. [)<). 
13. E. hyperborea Pall. Zoogr. 11. 35. t. 43. f. 2. 
14. E. pusilla Pall. Zoogr. 11. 42. t. 47. f. 1. 
15. E. spodocephala Pall. Zoogr. 11. 51. t. 49. f. 2. (Euspiza ?) 
16. E. rutila Pall. Zoogr. 11. 53. t. 51. (Euspiza?) 
17- E. per sonata Temm. PI. col. 580. 
18. E. eleyans Temm. PI. col. 583. f. 1. 
19- E. variabilis Temm. PI. col. 583. f. 2. 
20. E. arctica Lath. — Emberiza chrysops Pall. Zoogr. 11. 45. 
t. 48. f. 1.; E. sandvvichensis Gmel. 
21. E. schceniclus Linn. PI. enl. 247. f. 2., 497. f. 2. Emberiza 
(is'sig 1 )^ 63 GmCl ’ ^ P asserina Ball-; Type of Cynchramus Kaup ; 
22. E. pyrrhuloides Pall. Zoogr. 11. 49. t. 49 . f. l._ Emberiza 
caspia Menetr. 
23. E. palustris Savi, Ornith. Provenc. t. 114. bis. Emberiza 
atrata Rafin. ? 
24. E. miliaria Linn. PI. enl. 233. — Emberiza Calandra Linn. ; 
Miliaria europeea Swains. ; Type of Spinus Mwhr. (1752). 
25. E. melanodera Quoy et Gaim. Zool. de l’Uranie, p. 109-, 
Voy. of Beagle, Birds, pi. 32. 
26. E. xanthogramma (G. R. Gray), Voy. of Beagle, Birds, pi. 33. 
27. ? E. sinensis Gmel. 
28. ? E .fasciata Gmel. 
29. ? E. asiatica Lath. 
30. ? E. chrysoptera Lath. Portl. Voy. t. p. 35. 
31. E. brunniceps Brandt, Bull, de l’Acad. Imp. de Petersb. 
(Euspiza?) 
Gubernatrix Less .' |~ 
Bill moderate, strong, compressed, with the culmen much arched to the tip ; the palate of the upper 
mandible furnished with a small bony knob ; the lateral margins nearly straight, but angulated at the 
* Linnseus established this genus in 1748. In 1826, M. Boie used Cynchramus ; and, in 1829, M. Kaup subdivided ( Naturl . Syst.) the 
genus into the following subgenera, viz. Cia, Citrinella, Orospina, Cirlus, Spina, and Cynchramus. It also comprises Spinus of Mcehring 
(1752), which is equal to Miliaria of M. Brehm (1831). 
f Proposed by M. Lesson ( Compl . de Buff. viii. 295.) in 1839- Being unacquainted with M. Lesson’s name, I had suggested that of 
Lophocoryphus (1840). 
