°rder II. PASSERES. 
Tribe TY. Conirostres. 
Family IV. Fringillidjl 
The sixth Subfamily, 
ALAUDINiE, or Larks, 
have the Bill short, or more or less lengthened and conical ; the Wings with the tertials generally as 
lo ng as the primaries ; the Claws lengthened, more or less curved, and the hind one very long and 
generally straight. 
Alauda.* 
Sill moderate, conical, with the culmen slightly arched to the tip, and compressed on the sides ; the 
*°stril s basal, lateral, oval, and hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings lengthened, with or without a 
s hort spurious quill, and with the third quill generally the longest. Tail moderate and slightly emar- 
ginated. Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe, and slender. Toes moderate and divided ; and the 
hind claw lengthened, and more or less straight. 
These birds are peculiar to the Old World, and generally found on the open arable land or plains, though some 
seem to prefer the cultivated lands. As the winter approaches in the northern parts of Europe, they congregate m 
fl °eks, and resold to the southern portions. Some of the species sing while rising into the am, winch action is per brme 
eit her in extended circles, or in a perpendicularly spiral direction, to an immense height. Their flight is undulating ; 
and they walk and run with ease on the ground, where they delight to roll in the dust. Grain and various small seeds 
fortn their principal food, but in the summer they procure grasshoppers, gnats, and small worms, &c. The nest is 
Usually placed on the ground, among herbage; and consists of dry grasses and other portions of plants, lined with sott 
Materials. 
1 ' A. arvensis Linn. PI. enl. 363. f. 1. — Alauda coelipeta Pall. ; 
At italica Gmel. ; Al. longipes Lath. ; Al. Gulgula Frank/. ; Al. 
Dev * Sykes ? 
'• A. brachydactyto Temm. Man. d'Orn. 1. 284. — Alauda Ca- 
andrella Bonelli ; Al. arenana Steph. Vieill. Faun. Franc, t. 74. f. 1., 
^ x pcd. tie la Morde, Ois. t. 6. f. 1. ; Al. Pispoletta Pall. ? Emberiza 
“agheira Frank/. Proc. Z. S. 1832. lip.; Al. dukhunensis Sykes ; 
ype °f Calandrella Kaup (1829). 
"• A. Kollyi Temm. PI. col. 305. f. 1. 
t. A. gangetica Blytli, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1842. p. 201. — 
; iautla Gulgula lilyth. 
'• ? A. graciUs Biyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1842. 201. 
6. A. ruficeps Rupp. Faun. Abyss, t. 38. f. 1. 
7. A.? leucoptera (Pall.) Zoogr. 11. 518. t. 38. f. 2. Alauda 
sibirica Gmel. 
8. A. cristata Linn. PI. enl. 503. f. 1. - Alauda galerita Pall.% 
Al. undata Gmel. PI. enl. 662. ; Al. matutina Bodd. ; Al. Chendoola 
Frankl. ; Al. Gulgula Sykes/ Type of Galerida Bare (1828). 
p. A. maldbarica Scop. Sonn. Voy. Ind. t. 113. f. 1. 
10 A. ferruginea Von der Mulhe, Beitr. zur Orn. Griechenl. 
11. A. arbor ea Linn. PI. enl. 503. f. 2. — Alauda nemorosa 
Gmel. ; Al. cristatella Lath. 
12. A. crassirostris (Vieill.) N. Diet, d Hist. Nat. 1. 3/3., Le 
Vaill. Ois. d'Afr. t. 193. — Alauda magnirostris Steph.; Type of 
Calendula Swains. (1837). 
13. A. senega, ten sis Gmel. PI. enl. 504. f. 1. 
Melaxocorypha Boie.f 
Sill moderate, with the culmen elevated at the base and arched to the tip, the sides much compressed, 
and the lateral margins indexed; the gonys of lower mandible lengthened, and advancing upwards 
Of M 
Hodg; 
Linnaeus established this genus in 1735. It embraces Galerida of M. Boie (Isis) 1828, wk mb is “^al ^ W1 ^ 
[*■ ^up (1829), and Calendula of Mr. Swainson (1837), which latter was changed to Erana by me m 1840, 
Lullula and Calandrella 
also Heterops of Mr. 
°'lgson (r.ist of Nepaii I Birds, 1844). Ca/andra and Saxilauda of M. Lesson (1837), and 
I It was in 1828 (Isis) that M. Boie established this genus, which is coequal with Lalanaia j 
nd ra of Col. Sykes (1838). 
