Order II. PASSERES. 
Tribe IV. Conirostres. 
Family VI. Fringillidae. 
The seventh Subfamily, 
PYRRHULINiE, or Bullfinches, 
have the Bill very short, strong, more or less compressed, and entire, with the culmen arched and 
convex ; the Wings moderate, and somewhat rounded ; the Tail moderate and slightly emarginated ; 
the Tarsi short and scutellated ; and the Toes moderate, the lateral ones generally unequal. 
Carpodacus Kaup .* 
m conical, abort, broad at the base, with the culmen slightly arched to the tip ; the gonys lengthened 
a »d suddenly advancing upwards ; the lateral margins sinuated and slightly curved ; the nostrils basal, 
'“teal, and concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings long and pointed, with the first quill rather shorter 
4an the second and third, which are the longest. Tail moderate and slightly forked. Tars, shorter 
than the middl e toe, and robust. Toes moderate, the lateral ones unequal; and the claws short and 
curved. 
The 
hey are more especially found in the most northern parts of Europe, America, Africa and Asia ; 
Ales of rivers, and sometime, the cultivated fields, where they seek the seed, of various plants. The nest is formed 
ha y> between the branches of the trees of the forests ; and the female lays from five to six eggs. 
h c - erythrinus (Pall.) Pall. Zoogr. ii. 8. t. 36., Kittl. Kupf. der 
t. 32 . f. i. Erythrothorax rubrifrons Brelim ; Loxia car- 
lI >alis Beseke; Fringilla flammea Retz ; Loxia obscura Gmel. 
'' C. pheenicopterus (Gould), Gould’s B. of Eur. pi. 
3 ’ C. roseus (Pall.) Pall. Zoogr. ii. 23. t. 42. 
‘E C. purpureas (Gmel.) Catesby’s Carol. 1. t. 41., Wils. Amer. 
ni ' Pb 7. f. 4. & pi. 42. f. 3. 
g C. frontalis (Say), Long’s Exped. Rocky Mount, ii. 40., Pr. 
° na p. Am. Orn. t. 6. f. 1, 2. — Fringilla hsmorrhoa Licht. ; 
yuhula cruentata Less. Rev. Zool. 1839- 101. 
6. C. Payraudcei (Audouin), Histoire de l’Egypte, Zoolog. 1. 
28 6. Ois. t. 5. f. 8. — Pyrrhula githaginea Licht. PI. col. 400. f. 1. 
& 2 . 
7. C. rhodopepla (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. 23., Gould’s Cent, of 
Birds, pi. 31. f. 1. 
8. C. rhodochroa (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. 23., Gould s Gent. 
of Birds, pi. 31. f. 2. 
9- C. synoica (Temm.) PI. col. 375. 
10 . C. ohsoleta (Licht.) Everin. Reise, p. 132. 
Crithagra Swains. f 
Bill short, more elevated than broad, with the culmen and lateral maigins curved to the t ] , 
c °Ripressed, and the gonys lengthened and advancing upwards ; the nostrils basal, latei a , 
V the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill rather shorter than the second ; the third and 
fourth quills nea rly equal and longest. Tail moderate and slightly forked. Taisi shortei than the 
eh* ^ablished (1829) by M. Kaup ( Naturl . Syst. p. l6l.), and adopted 
a nd ft t0 Erythrothorax in 1831, as it had long been employed in Botany. 
‘ ■ Swainson, in 1837, Hcemorrhous. 
1 Established in 1827 {Zool. Journ. iii. p. 24.) by Mr. Swainson. 
in the place of Erythrina of M. Brehm (1828), which word he 
The Prince of Canino, in 1830, bad proposed Erythrospiza ; 
