COLUMBINE. 
on the nearest trees till the hour of their evening meal has arrived, when they again seek for food ; and, having satiated 
themselves, again retire to the woods. Some of the species always inhabit rocky places and precipitous cliffs, 
especially those on the sea coasts of Great Britain, Africa, and Asia, which furnish them with suitable places of 
retreat. The nests are formed on trees or in holes of the rocks, and are composed of twigs slightly interwoven together ; 
the female deposits two eggs. 
1. C. (Enas Linn. PI. enl. 466., Temm. Pig. t. 11. 
2. C. Palumbus Linn. PL enl. 3l6., Temm. Pig. t. 2. — Type of 
Palumbus Kaup, ( 1 829.) 
3. C. Livia Briss. PI. enl. 510., Temm. Pig. t. 12. 
4. C. intermedia Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844. 39 . 
5. C. leucocephala Linn. Temm. Pig. 1. 13., Pr. Bonap. Am. Orn. 
t. 17. f- L 
6. C . gymnophthalmos Temm. Pig. t. 18. — Columba leucoptera 
Pr. Max. ; Columba loricata Licht. ; Columba picazuro Temm. 
7. C. maculosa Temm. Pig. et Gall. 1. 113. - Columba poici- 
loptera Vieill. 
8. C. arquatrix Temm. Pig. t. 5. 
9. C. guinea Linn. Temm. Pig. t. 16. — Columba trigonigera 
Wagl. 
10. C. albitorques Rupp. Faun. Abyss. Vog. t. 22. f. 1. 
11. C. speciosa Gmel. PL enl. 213., Temm. Pig. t. 14. 
12. C. araucana Less. Voy. tie la Coqu. Ois. t. 40. — Columba 
denisea Temm. PL col. 502 . ; Columba meridionalis King. 
13. C. fasciata Say, Pr. Bonap. Am. Orn. t. 8. f. 3. 
14. C. monilis Vigors, Beechey’s Voy. Zool. p. 26. pi. 10. 
15. C. phrnbea Vieill. N. Diet. H.N. 26. 358—Columba locutrix 
Pr. Max. Temm. PL col. 166. 
16 C. rufina Temm. Pig. t. 24. — Columba cayanensis Bonn. 
17! C. sylvestris Vieill. N. Diet. Hist. Nat. 26. p. 366— Co- 
lumba melanoptera Temm. Azara, 319. 
18. C .flavirostris Wagl. Isis, 1830. 519* 
19. C. leuconota Vigors, Proc. Z. S. 1831. 22., Gould’s Cent. 
Birds, t. 59. 
20. C. Hodgsoni Vigors, Proc. Z. S. 1832. 16. 
21. C. metattica Vigors, Beechey’s Voy. Zool. p. 25. 
22. C. versicolor Kittl. Vogel, pi. 5. f. 2. 
23. C. nipalensis Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1836. 122. 
24. C. ctxrulea Temm. Pig. t. 37. 
25. C. caribea Temm. Pig. t. 10. — Columba lamprauchen Wagl. 
26. C. corensis Gmel. — Columba portoricensis Temm. Pig. t. 15., 
Voy. Pile de Cuba, Ois. t. 27 - ; Col. monticola Vieill.; Col. imbricata 
Wagl. 
27. C. Trocaz Heinek. Brewst. Journ. of Sci., Jard. & Selby’s 
111. Orn. p. 98. — Columba laurivora Berth. § Webb, Voy. de l’lle 
Canar. Ois. t. 3., Knip et Prev. Pig. t. 43. 
28. C. leucotis Temm. PL col. 1 89., Knip et Prev. Pig. t. 2. 
29. C. picturata Temm. PL col. 242., Knip et Prev. Pig. t.35. 
— Columba Dufresnii Steph. 
30. C. xanthonura Cuv. Temm. Pl. col. 190. — Columba Pam- 
pusan Quoy Gaim. Voy. de l’Uranie, Ois. t. 301. 
31. C. inornata Vigors, Voy. l’lle de Cuba, Ois. t. 28. 
32. C. infuscata Licht. Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. p. 66. 
33. C.jlava Homb. & Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, &c., Ois. t. 12. 
f. 2. 
34. C. Fitzroyi King, Proc. Z. S. 1830. p. 15. 
Ectopistes Swains* 
Bill moderate, slender, with the apical half of the oilmen slightly arched to the tip ; the nostrils 
placed in the middle of the bill, and longitudinal. Wings lengthened and pointed, with the first two 
quills the longest. Tail lengthened and cuneated, with the four middle feathers lanceolated. Tarsi the 
length of the hind toe, and plumed below the knee. Toes long, the lateral ones nearly equal, and the 
to 
claws moderate and somewhat curved. 
The two suedes of pigeons that form this genus arc found on the continent of North America, where they are seen in 
flocks which have been Observed to be composed at times of millions of individuals. They fly with great power and 
for enormous distances at a thne; which migrations their numbers often compel them to perform m quest of food. 
The principal portion of their food consists of beech mast and acorns ; but considerable quantities of buck-wheat, Indian 
oom '1 f Ue , kinds of grain, are destroyed by these birds as they appear, in their separate seasons. As «, as the 
nio-eons ” says Mr. Audubon, “ discover a sufficiency of food to entice them to alrght, they % round in circles, re- 
viewing the country below. During their evolutions on such occasions, the denss mass whieh they form exhibits a 
beautifhl appearance, as it change. its direction, now displaying a glistening sheet of acute when the back, of the birds 
come simultaneously in view, and anon suddenly presenting a mass of rich deep purple. They then pas, lower oyer 
the woods and for a moment aie lost among the foliage, but again emerge, and are seen gliding aloft. They now 
* Established by Mr. Swainson (Zool. Journ. iii. p. 362.) in 1827. 
