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Hoernle — Essays on the Gaurian Languages. [No. 2, 
to the Marathi oblique forms in *JT of nouns in (for %) ; thus Marathi 
has genitive irr33?l^r. I have already observed that the Marathi ijpfT 
(and such like nouns) presupposes a Prakrit form hrFf'i'T (or U[f3'llT for iirf%r). 
This view is confirmed by the derivation of the Naipali It stands 
for a Prakrit form 7331 #?% (Pr. Prak. II, 17), which would represent a San- 
skrit form ^3 75! rift*? ! (from 33 + W + ^«ffq). The Prakrit genitive 33<5Yw^T 
would he contracted in Naipali to <33*7?!. This, however, will he fully dis- 
cussed in the IVth Essay. The adjective force is conveyed by the genitive. 
The genitive is used in this manner in all Gaurian languages. As regards 
Marathi, see the Manual, §. 212, p. 132, note 1, and §. 276, note. For 
Panjabi, see Ludiana grammar of Panjabi §§. 43, 120. Eor Gujarati, see 
Edalji’s Gujarati Grammar, §. 90, b. For Bangui!, see Shama Churn Sircar’s 
Grammar p. 99, (2nd edition). In Hindi such expressions are quite 
idiomatic as 3 if*JT 3T*3 377 •T^f, i. it is not my habit (or intention) to 
act in this manner ; or this, 33 fiW BTHT 3TI «T^f, i. e., this thing is 
useless. For some other cases of this kind, see Etherington’s Hindi Gram- 
mar §. 405. In Hindi, however, in many of these cases the affix argr («rNft 
fern ) may also be used. This word is really a noun (as I think, the Prakrit 
equivalent of the Sanskrit CTT733f) which has merely been degraded to the 
position of an affix, and moreover is often a, pleonastic addition. Its case 
is exactly Hite that of the Prakrit 3iT*frr and its Gaurian (Hindi) equivalent 
3fT, as explained in Essay II, and affords an illustration of what has been 
said there regarding 3K+T and 3iT. Instead of saying 3 <?3? 37*3 q>T 33t 
it would he equally idiomatic to say V V3t «TNf . In the latter 
sentence, the word 37^3 is in reality already a genitive {viz. of 37337 ; since 
it is the oblique form of it ; more an this in essay IV) ; and as such has 
already all that adjectival force which the word 3773 3l«TT expresses. The 
addition of 3T^TT is, therefore, in reality perfectly pleonastic, making the 
word 37333 T 31 T doubly adjectival. The word 37 ; 331317 in fact means 
exactly the same as 3773 377 which, as explained in Essay Hud, is also a 
double adjective or a double genitive (for Prakrit 37VfiY*rc0 ^T%). Hence 
in many Hindi phrases 37T and UT~U are interchangeable : e. g., you may say 
3f33 371 33 ; and qf^Tf*T^TT 33, i. e., the country of the west or the 
western country. 
Just as the Naipali nouns with a (conjectured) direct form in % and an 
oblique form in 3T correspond to the Marathi nouns in 3T with an oblique 
form in * 71 , so the Naipali nouns with a direct form in ^3 and oblique form 
in W correspond to the Marathi nouns in 3 with an oblique form in 3?T. 
Both have reduced the Prakrit nominative termination % (one to <3, the 
other to 3) in their direct form and have preserved the Prakrit organic 
genitive in their oblique form. There is this difference, however, that while 
in Marathi the Prakrit nominative termination % has been worn down to 
