211 
1872.] A. M. Broadley — The Buddhistic Remains of Bihdr. 
north of these places lies Bihar, once the academia, or vihara, of the country 
south of the Ganges, and still later the metropolis of the Muhammadan 
lieutenants, who sometimes ruled this garden of India as the delegates of 
the emperor of Dihli, sometimes of the kings of Bengal. 
On the 15th March, 1871, I took charge of the Sub-Division of Bihar, 
and ever since that time, have devoted such of my leisure as I could spare 
from my official duties, to the examination of the antiquities of the country, 
he they Muhammedan, Hindu, or Buddhistic ; hut in the following pages I 
speak only of the last ; the others will, I trust, one day form the subject of 
separate papers. The ruins of the Nalanda monasteries have been described 
in a separate pamphlet, and I therefore barely allude to them here. 
II. Ancient Magadha. 
The name of the ancient kingdom of Magadha dates as far back as the 
time of the Mahiibharata. In the map of India, which illustrates Mr. 
Talboy Wheeler’s History of these remote times, the territories of Magadha 
are shewn to the south of the river Ganges, bounded on one side by Mithila 
and on the other by Banga, or Bengal. In the pages of the great Sanskrit 
epic, an account is given of the wars of Bliima and Iv r i sh i i a with Jaiasan- 
dha, king of Magadha ; but I merely allude to it here, because I propose to 
write exclusively of a much more recent period in the history of India. I 
shall, however, from time to time be compelled to make some allusion to the 
great Asura king, whose history is inseparably associated by the traditions 
of the people with the places about which I propose to write. 
Passing over a number of centuries, we come to the time when Ohi-Fah- 
Hiyan left his home at Tchang’au in China, to “ follow the footsteps” of 
the great sage of Magadha, whose teaching, nigh a thousand years before, 
had caused a new religion to spead itself with wonderful rapidity over the 
greater part of the continent of Asia.* 
* The travels of Chi-Fah-Hiyan were first translated into French by MM. Bemu- 
sat, Klaproth, and Landrosse. An English version of this work was published by Mr. 
Lai’dlay, in Calcutta, in 1848. In 1869, the Eev. S. Beal published an original trans- 
lation from the Chinese text. Great doubts are entertained as to the correctness of 
portions of the French work, and M. Julien points out that it cannot be safely used 
by persons nnnble to verify the translation by comparison with the original. Under 
these circumstances I make reference only to the edition of Mr. Beal. 
Throughout Fah-Hian’s work, distances are computed by ‘ lis’ and ‘ yojanas.’ 
Mr. Beal allows four or five lis to the mile, General Cunningham six, and this 
estimate is doubtless correct. As to the second measure, Mr. Beal allows seven 
miles to a yojana in the North-West Provinces, and only four in Magadha. Gen- 
eral Cunningham counts 'uniformly 71 or 8 miles as equal to a yojana. From a 
comparison of the distances given in Bihar, the very centre of the kingdom of Magadha, 
I do not see how more than five or six miles can, by any possibility, be allowed, e. g., 
Bihar to Nalanda, one yojana, actual distanoe 51 or 6 miles ; Patna to Bihar, 9 
