221 
1872.] A. M. Broadley — The Buddhistic Remains of Bihar. 
count of the proceedings of Maha Kasyapa, and his sacred conclave, is 
quite heyond my province, hut 1 may incidentally mention that both Fall 
Hiyan and Hvven Thsang say something on the subject. 
New Eajgir seems to have enjoyed a brief existence as the capital of Maga- 
dha ; for a century later, Asoka appears to have transferred the seat of govern- 
ment to Patali, a town clearly identical with the Palibothra of the Greeks 
and the modern Patna of the Hindus and ’Azimab&d of the Muhammadans. 
I have not endeavoured in the foregoing pages to write a connected 
history of Buddha’s life in Eajgir, or to give a complete account of the 
rulers of that city ; but my object has been simply to show the intimate con- 
nection of the Maghada of those days, and the Bihar of the present, with 
the earliest days of the Buddhistic faith. This connection oneo established 
and shewn, the extreme interest and importance of the Buddhist remains of 
this part of the country becomes apparent. They are important to the his- 
torian as throwing light on annals of a remote period, and still more impor- 
tant to the archaiologist as illustrating the manners and customs, the costume 
and ceremonies of another age, and as throwing light on the details of a reli- 
gion which has passed to other climes. Whatever liistorical incidents re- 
main untouched, I shall speak of when I come to write of the places with 
which they are connected, of Tillarah and Bihar, of Ghosrawan, Titrawan, 
and the Indra-Saila Hill. 
III. Buddhist Remains. 
The relics of Buddhism still existing in Bihar may he divided into five 
groups : — (1) Ruins of Temples. (2) Those of Monasteries, or Yiharas. 
(3) Votive Stupas. (4) Figures and sculptures. (5) Inscriptions. 
First . — The temples seem to have varied in size and splendour at different 
epochs in the history of the religion to which they belong. Amongst the 
earlier temples are those of Eajgir, Dapthti, and the Indra-Saila peak, and 
amongst the more modern, those of Bargaon. The most ancient of the 
temples are remarkable for the extreme simplicity of their construction. 
They usually consisted of an outer court, varying in size from fifteen to 
twenty-five feet, the walls of which were composed of enormous bricks of rare 
solidity. The roof of the building was generally nine or ten feet high, some- 
times more, sometimes less, and consisted of slabs of granite or other stone, 
placed close to each other, and supported by pillars of the same material. The 
capitals of the pillars were generally separate from the shaft, and of such size 
and form as to render the weight of the roof less difficult to sustain. Their 
shape was generally either cruciform or oblong. This court generally led to an 
inner chamber or shrine, smaller and less lofty than the vestibule, but of simi- 
lar shape and construction. In the centre of this is generally to be found 
the figure of Buddha. Carvings were often arranged round the walls of 
