227 
1872.] A. M. Broadley — The Buddhistic Remains of Bihar. 
of devotion and reverence paid to the Buddhas, and was recommended al- 
ready in the ancient legends as a most meritorious work.” 
Few places in India are richer than Bihar in Buddhistic stupas and 
ehaityas ; and I have ventured to classify them as follows : — 
I, — Stupas actually containing relics of Buddha or his disciples. 
II, — Stupas containing no relies, but built to mark the occurrence of 
some event memorable in the history of the faith. 
III, — Stupas and Chaityas purely votive, most of them serving as the 
repository of images. 
IY. — Chaityas, or miniature stupas, not built, but carved in one or more 
blocks of stone, and generally covered with ornamentions and figures of 
Buddha. 
On the back of a figure of Buddha in the Titrawan ruins, I found a well- 
executed drawing of a stupa which I append as an illustration. The form 
of the stupa varied little, whatever class it belonged to. They seem to have 
been generally surmounted by a series of umbrellas. The large tope at 
Nalanda, and the tumuli to the west of the walls of Rajagrilia belong un- 
doubtedly to the first class ; but their extreme antiquity (not less than 2200 
years) makes it doubtful if any thing could be found there, to say nothing 
of the frequent removals and abstractions of the relics we read of. I have 
sunk a shaft in the second tumulus at Rajgir ; but without success, the labour- 
ers cutting through a solid deposit of bricks to a depth of fifteen feet. The 
topes on the summits of the hills, on the contrary, are of the second class, 
and in all probability served to mark some of the most sacred episodes in 
the history of Sakhya Muni ; e. his sitting on the Banthawan Hills with the 
bhiksliu’s bowl, etc., etc. The small topes discovered by me in the staircase 
or causeway leading to the Deoghat Hill, I imagine, served chiefly for the 
deposit of images of' Tathagata. It will be seen that on opening one of them, 
I found three perfect figures, of equal size, differing only in position, im- 
bedded in the ruins. The small chaityas vary in size, and were doubtless 
made to suit the pluses of those whose means did not permit them to raise 
a lofty mass of brickwork “ for the advancement of the highest knowledge 
amongst mankind.” Some of them are circular, some octagonal, some 
twelve-sided, some oval ; but nearly all of them are richly ornamented and 
hear several figures of Buddha. A very fine circular chaitya found by me at 
Kurkihar, the Kukkutapiida of Hwen Thsang, contains more than forty 
figures of Buddha, all carved with wonderful sharpness and delicacy. The 
ehaityas which were composed of a number of pieces linked together, must 
have contained as many as 500. These chaityas were originally surmounted 
by umbrellas, which were formed very frequently of separate pieces of stone, 
often possibly of metal, fitted into the top of the carving. The Buddhist 
images contain numerous illustrations of these ehaityas, and I have, in some 
